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近期飼料廠大量調(diào)整配方，其中，調(diào)整波動(dòng)最大的就是魚類和鴨類，而豬飼料最為穩(wěn)定。
那么問題來了，對(duì)于水產(chǎn)飼料配方結(jié)構(gòu)到底該如何調(diào)整呢？
水產(chǎn)飼料的配方體系基本有兩大體系：
一是適用于高端飼料的魚粉、豆粕體系，主要用于蝦料、海水魚類飼料、淡水膨化飼料、中華鱉和鰻魚飼料，二是以魚粉、棉粕、菜粕體系，主要適用于淡水魚類的飼料。
目前，由于主要飼料原料如魚粉、豆粕、菜粕、棉粕等可以進(jìn)入期貨市場(chǎng)的大宗原料的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格異常波動(dòng)，主要原因一是“熱錢”在世界整體經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣的情況下，進(jìn)入了糧食、大宗飼料原料市場(chǎng)，導(dǎo)致所謂的“饑餓營銷”方式，使原料的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格原理里基本的供求關(guān)系定價(jià)原則，給飼料產(chǎn)業(yè)帶來前所未有的成本壓力；二是，部分企業(yè)對(duì)菜粕等大宗原料有“囤貨居奇”、“饑餓營銷”的嫌疑，導(dǎo)致即使出高價(jià)也很難買到原料，以菜粕、棉粕較為明顯。
這種現(xiàn)象可能還要持續(xù)相當(dāng)長的一段時(shí)間。
對(duì)于水產(chǎn)飼料產(chǎn)業(yè)而言，要全面接受大宗飼料原料的異常高價(jià)，就必須要承擔(dān)異常的成本壓力，而在水產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)價(jià)格又難以同等漲價(jià)的情況下，這種飼料原料的成本壓力就要由飼料企業(yè)來承擔(dān)，而飼料企業(yè)是難以承擔(dān)的。
由于我們?cè)诖笞陲暳显鲜袌?chǎng)上沒有定價(jià)話語權(quán)，面對(duì)目前的形式對(duì)于飼料產(chǎn)業(yè)、飼料企業(yè)則是無奈。
因此，在改變市場(chǎng)我們難以有所作為的情況下，唯有改變我們自己的技術(shù)、對(duì)策，度過這個(gè)非常時(shí)期，期待，世界、乃至中國的大宗飼料原料市場(chǎng)回歸理性的那天的到來。
在我前面一篇文章中，談到了降低飼料蛋白質(zhì)水平，這是一個(gè)較為長期的計(jì)劃，也是水產(chǎn)飼料在營養(yǎng)水平設(shè)置上長期存在的一個(gè)問題，需要多數(shù)水產(chǎn)飼料企業(yè)共同參與才能實(shí)現(xiàn)的一個(gè)計(jì)劃。
這是一個(gè)必須要進(jìn)行的大框架性的計(jì)劃。
在這里我提出一個(gè)水產(chǎn)飼料配方結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的一個(gè)意見，供大家參考。
一、魚粉、豆粕體系的配方結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整計(jì)劃
1、魚粉
采用超級(jí)蒸汽魚粉與國產(chǎn)脫脂+水洗魚粉配合使用，蒸汽魚粉在價(jià)格上很高，而國產(chǎn)魚粉生產(chǎn)企業(yè)在工藝設(shè)備、工藝參數(shù)上已經(jīng)做了很大的調(diào)整和改進(jìn)，在魚粉蒸煮過程中增加了水洗，魚熔漿也不再返回到魚粉中，這樣下來的魚粉揮發(fā)性鹽基氮、組胺、丙二醛等蛋白質(zhì)腐敗產(chǎn)物、油脂氧化產(chǎn)物顯著下降，提高了魚粉的安全性。
烘干溫度也采用70℃以下的多級(jí)（一般是三級(jí)）烘干的方法。這類魚粉的營養(yǎng)質(zhì)量和安全質(zhì)量都顯著提高，可以取代或部分超級(jí)蒸汽魚粉。實(shí)現(xiàn)魚粉的價(jià)格平衡。
海水魚粉與淡水魚粉配合使用的原則。
淡水魚粉在氧化三甲胺、牛磺酸等微量因子含量低于海水魚粉，但是，其蛋白質(zhì)營養(yǎng)價(jià)值、可消化性、安全性等方面不亞于海水魚粉，市場(chǎng)價(jià)格也低于海水魚粉。兩者混合使用可以實(shí)現(xiàn)魚粉價(jià)格的平衡。
2、其他動(dòng)物蛋白質(zhì)
在高端水產(chǎn)飼料中，動(dòng)物蛋白質(zhì)總量由魚粉、肉粉、血球粉等來整體體現(xiàn)，可以使用血球粉、鴨肉粉或雞肉粉來補(bǔ)充魚粉用量下降后動(dòng)物蛋白質(zhì)總量的不足，且使配方成本顯著下降。
3、油脂
要魚油由于其氧化穩(wěn)定性差，在一些實(shí)驗(yàn)研究中已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)魚油對(duì)于多數(shù)水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物是有副作用的，且價(jià)格還高。
所以，要改變單一使用魚油的技術(shù)方案，可以使用魚油+豆油=1:1～1:3的配合使用技術(shù)方案，養(yǎng)殖效果可以得到保障，而配方成本則顯著下降。
4、大豆替代部分豆粕
在擠壓膨化飼料生產(chǎn)中，溫度在130℃、水分16%左右高濕熱的條件下，大豆中的抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)因子將失活，所以，在膨化飼料中可以使用大豆作為直接性的飼料原料。
在我們4年多的實(shí)際使用情況看，在配方中使用15%以下的大豆是可行的，這樣就可以將豆粕的使用量顯著下調(diào)。
5、豆粕+花生粕或葵仁粕
花生粕主要還是氨基酸平衡性和消化率的問題，可以使用10%以下的花生粕。而葵仁粕則具有很好的蛋白質(zhì)消化率、適口性和氨基酸平衡性，可以使用15%左右的量。
6、小麥與面粉的問題
在魚類膨化飼料中，可以使用小麥而不使用面粉。使用15%～20%左右的小麥在擠壓膨化飼料中是完全可行的。
目前小麥的價(jià)格在2400～2600元/噸左右，是可以接受的。
二、魚粉、菜粕、棉粕配方體系的調(diào)整
水產(chǎn)飼料總量中，80%以上是淡水魚類飼料。
所以淡水魚類飼料的配方結(jié)構(gòu)需要及時(shí)調(diào)整。
1、動(dòng)物蛋白質(zhì)
可以使用淡水魚粉+海水魚粉混合使用的方案，控制魚粉的營養(yǎng)質(zhì)量和價(jià)格平衡問題。
在飼料蛋白質(zhì)高于30%的飼料中，可以使用1%～4%的血球粉提高飼料蛋白質(zhì)含量，且效果很好。
肉粉可以使用價(jià)格較低的豬肉粉，一次豬肉粉油脂含量在30%左右，如果加工設(shè)備（粉碎）可行的話，可以使用在5%～10%的量。
油脂含量在15%左右的味二次壓榨肉粉，可以使用5%～10%的量。
2、豆粕
豆粕的使用量控制在15%以下，可以使用部分花生粕、葵花籽粕等原料。
3、菜粕、棉粕
二者的總量可以在20%～40%，但是要注意蛋白質(zhì)溶解度一定要在40%以上。
4、芝麻粕
如果蛋白質(zhì)溶解度在40%以上，則可以使用5%～8%的量。
5、椰子粕、亞麻籽粕
在淡水魚類配方調(diào)整中，一定要找到價(jià)格低于2000元/噸的飼料原料，椰子粕、亞麻籽粕是可以選擇的主要原料。
依據(jù)我們使用情況看，分別控制在10%的使用量是可行的。
6、籽實(shí)類原料。
油菜籽作為油脂原料和蛋白質(zhì)原料，在英顆粒飼料中使用3%是可行的。
花椒籽含油量在23%左右、蛋白質(zhì)15%以上，是一種油脂原料，在淡水魚類硬顆粒飼料中可以使用1%～3%，目前的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格在1850元/噸。
葡萄籽含油脂8%以上，蛋白質(zhì)12%以上，含糖30%左右，也是一種價(jià)格較為合算的原料。目前價(jià)格在1850元/噸。在淡水魚類飼料中使用量可以在6%左右。
7、玉米DDGS
為了避免玉米油的氧化副作用，可以使用低油脂（油脂含量6%足有）的DDGS10%以下的量。
8、木薯渣、白酒渣
目前是較為變異的飼料原料，可以作為填充性飼料原料。
目前價(jià)格在1100元/噸以下。
白酒渣在硬顆粒飼料中可以使用5%以下，而木薯渣則可以在10%以下的量。
9、小麥、玉米
作為主要的淀粉性原料，可以使用在20%以下的量。
飼料原料的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格：本來應(yīng)該按照基本的供求關(guān)系和成本確定價(jià)格，但是由于期貨市場(chǎng)、資本的介入，一些國際市場(chǎng)的“炒作故事”很多，于是導(dǎo)致價(jià)格異常波動(dòng)。
魚粉是一個(gè)典型的案例，大豆與豆粕、玉米也是一個(gè)案例，今年還加上了菜粕。其結(jié)果是這些大宗原料的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格遠(yuǎn)離了供求關(guān)系、成本。這就意味著飼料企業(yè)需要承擔(dān)高于正常價(jià)格的原料成本。這部分成本如何消化？
配合飼料的定價(jià)與價(jià)格：飼料是配方加工產(chǎn)品，其成本是可以確定的，所以，配合飼料的價(jià)格是依據(jù)生產(chǎn)成本來定價(jià)。
而如果承擔(dān)了大宗飼料原料的異常價(jià)格后，這部分成本就進(jìn)入了配合飼料的成本價(jià)格，轉(zhuǎn)移到飼料產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格中。
這部分價(jià)格需要轉(zhuǎn)移到養(yǎng)殖業(yè)者，養(yǎng)殖業(yè)者能夠承受得了嗎？
水產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格：
基本的定價(jià)原則應(yīng)該是養(yǎng)殖成本和水產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系。
但是，水產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系定價(jià)掩蓋了水產(chǎn)品養(yǎng)殖成本定價(jià)的原則，
基本是按照市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系確定水產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。
這就導(dǎo)致養(yǎng)殖業(yè)者即使虧本也要賣魚的情況，比如廣東的金昌魚、黑魚等的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格遠(yuǎn)低于養(yǎng)殖成本，但魚是活動(dòng)物，不能長期放在池塘里，必須地賣掉啊。于是虧本大甩賣了。
那么，在飼料產(chǎn)品接受了大宗原料異常價(jià)格后，飼料產(chǎn)品價(jià)格上漲部分的異常價(jià)格就在飼料產(chǎn)品中了，問題就在于，養(yǎng)殖業(yè)者能否接受得了？如果接受不了，飼料企業(yè)就得想辦法來控制飼料配方成本的增加。如何控制？這就是我前面2個(gè)帖子提出的緣由了。
飼料降低蛋白質(zhì)水平是否可行？
反過來問，我們現(xiàn)在的水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物飼料蛋白質(zhì)水平設(shè)置是否合理？是高了還是低了，還是正好合適？
不同水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物對(duì)飼料蛋白質(zhì)的需要量到底是多少？
對(duì)上述問題的討論大家可以思考。我只是提出一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)：水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物是變溫動(dòng)物，它的蛋白質(zhì)需要量是受到環(huán)境溫度、生長階段等的變化而變化的。
同時(shí)，我們這些年來都是在做增加飼料蛋白質(zhì)水平的工作，很少做降低蛋白質(zhì)水平的工作。
我們做了不同地區(qū)、不同種類的水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物飼料蛋白質(zhì)水平和蛋白質(zhì)內(nèi)在質(zhì)量的試驗(yàn)，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)降低2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)蛋白質(zhì)水平后，如果配方成本不變，就可以使用更好的、更優(yōu)質(zhì)的飼料原料，最后的養(yǎng)殖效果更好。飼料企業(yè)盈利好、養(yǎng)殖戶的盈利也更好。
配方結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整就是飼料原料組合的調(diào)整，必須得要增加飼料原料種類。
新的飼料原料從哪里找到？
我多次建議大家去研究一下《飼料原料目錄》。我把一些籽實(shí)類原料目錄整理了以下，大家可以參考。
大家要有幾個(gè)意識(shí)：
1、要增加飼料原料，需要飼料加工設(shè)備和工藝滿足要求，例如粉碎、配料倉等等。需要與生產(chǎn)、采購進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)和溝通。
2、不增加飼料原料種類要降低飼料成本幾乎是不可能的事情，必須找到新的原料。
3、對(duì)于一種原料由于資源量小，或是季節(jié)性問題，可能只能使用1個(gè)月、2個(gè)月的，都行，要改變以前那種一種原料全年都可以用的觀點(diǎn)。
這就增加了配方技術(shù)、生產(chǎn)的難度。個(gè)人以為，這正是需要技術(shù)人員發(fā)揮作用的時(shí)候，此時(shí)不表現(xiàn)更待合適？
4、配方結(jié)果調(diào)整后如何保障養(yǎng)殖效果不變：
這是技術(shù)人員體現(xiàn)自己能力的時(shí)候了。要從配合飼料整體的蛋白質(zhì)水平與質(zhì)量、油脂水平與質(zhì)量等綜合分析。
不足的要充分補(bǔ)足，例如蛋白質(zhì)水平下降了，就增加油脂。以后如果油脂價(jià)格高了，就增加蛋白質(zhì)嘛。蛋白質(zhì)與氨基酸、油脂與脂肪酸、糖類、礦物質(zhì)鹽尤其是磷、維生素等整體考慮后，就可以有效保障養(yǎng)殖效果。
The English version
Recent feed mills large amount of adjustment formula, adjust the wave is the biggest fish and ducks, and the most stable of pig feed.
So the question comes, for how to adjust structure of aquatic feed formula?
Of aquatic feed formula system has two basic system:
One is suitable for high feed system of fish meal, soybean meal, mainly used in shrimp feed, seawater, fresh water fish feed puffed feed, lumen and eel feed, second is system of fish meal, rapeseed meal, cotton pulp, mainly is suitable for the freshwater fish feed.
At the moment, the main feed ingredients such as fish meal, soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cotton pulp can enter futures markets such as abnormal fluctuations in the market price of the commodities, the main reason is a "hot money" in the overall economy of the world, into the grain, bulk feed raw materials market, leading to the so-called "hunger marketing", make the market price of the raw material in the principle of the basic principles of supply and demand of the pricing, the feed industry to bring the unprecedented cost pressure. Second, some enterprises of rapeseed meal and other commodities have "stock up supplies", suspected of "hunger marketing", leading to high price even if it is hard to buy raw materials, with rapeseed meal, cotton pulp is more obvious.
This phenomenon may continue for quite a long time.
For aquatic feedstuff industry, will fully accept bulk feed ingredients of unusually high, will have to bear the cost of the abnormal pressure, the aquatic product market prices are not the same price of cases, this kind of feed ingredients will be borne by the feed enterprises, cost pressure, and the feed enterprise is difficult to bear.
Because we have no pricing power in the bulk feed raw materials market, in the face of the current form is helpless for the feed industry, feed enterprises.
Therefore, under the condition of the market we are difficult to change, only change our own technology, the countermeasure, through this very period, looking forward to, the world, and China's major feed raw materials market return to rational the arrival of that day.
According to a report in front of me, and talked about the lower feed protein levels, this is a longer-term plan, is set in aquatic feed nutrition level on a long-standing problem, most aquatic feed enterprises participation is needed to implement a plan.
This is a must for large outline plan.
Here I put forward a recipe for aquatic feed structure adjustment of an opinion, for your reference.
A formula, fish meal, soybean meal system restructuring plan
1, fish meal,
Using super steam fish meal and domestic skim + water fish meal, steam fish meal is the price is very high, the domestic fish meal production enterprises in the process equipment, process parameters has been done on the great adjustment and improvement, increased the water, in the process of fish meal cooking fish lava are no longer return to the fish, so the fish meal volatile base nitrogen, histamine, malondialdehyde product corruption such as protein, lipid oxidation significantly decreased, improved the security of the fish meal.
Drying temperature also USES the multistage (usually three) under 70 ℃ drying method. This kind of fish meal nutrition quality and safety and quality are significantly improved, can replace or part of a super steam fish meal. To balance the price of fish meal.
The principle of sea water fish meal used with freshwater fish meal.
Freshwater fish meal in the oxidation of trimethylamine, taurine, such as trace factor levels below the sea fish meal, but the protein nutritive value, digestibility and security as seawater fish meal, the market price is below the sea fish meal. The combination can realize the balance of the price of fish meal.
2, other animal protein
In high-end aquatic feed, the amount of animal protein from fish meal, meat meal, blood meal, etc to the overall reflect, can use blood powder, duck or chicken powder to replace fish meal consumption declines the lack of animal protein, and the formula cost significantly decreased.
3, grease
To fish oil due to its oxidation stability is poor, and in some experimental study have been found in fish oil for most aquatic animals have side effects, and the price is higher.
So, want to change the technical scheme of the single use of fish oil, you can use the fish oil + soybean = 1:1 to 1:3 used technical solution, breeding effect can be guaranteed, while the formula cost significantly decreased.
4 replacing part of the soybean meal, soybean
In extrusion feed production, high temperature in 130 ℃, water is about 16% under the condition of damp and hot, inactivation of antinutritional factors in soybean, therefore, can be used in the expanded feed soybean as raw materials for the direct feed.
In our more than four years of actual use, used in the formulation of less than 15% of the soy is feasible, so in the use of soybean meal can be significantly lowered.
5 + peanut meal or kwai kernel meal, soybean meal
Peanut meal mainly amino acid balance and digestibility of problem, you can use less than 10% of the peanut meal. While kwai kernel meal has the very good protein digestibility, palatability, and amino acid balance, you can use the amount of about 15%.
6, wheat and flour
In expanded feed fish, can be used instead of wheat flour. Using 15% ~ 15% of wheat in extrusion feed is completely feasible.
Now the price of wheat in 2400 ~ 2600 yuan/tons, is acceptable.
Second, fish meal, rapeseed meal, cotton pulp formula system adjustment
Of aquatic feed, more than 80% is freshwater fish feed.
So of freshwater fish feed formula structure needs to adjust.
1, animal protein
Can use fresh water fish meal + sea fish meal mixed solution, control the fish meal nutrition balance between quality and price problem.
In feed protein higher than 30% of the feed, you can use the powder of 1% ~ 4% of the blood cell increase feed protein content, and the effect is very good.
Meat powder can use the low prices of pork, a pork fat content at about 30%, if processing equipment (crushed) is feasible, can be used in the amount of 5% ~ 10%.
Oil content in about 15% of the secondary crushing of meat flavor powder, you can use the amount of 5% ~ 10%.
2, soybean meal,
Usage control under 15% soybean meal, you can use part of raw materials such as peanut meal, sunflower meal.
3, rapeseed meal, cotton pulp
The amount of the two can be 20% ~ 40%, but must pay attention to the protein solubility in more than 40%.
4, sesame meal
If the protein solubility in 40% above, you can use the amount of 5% ~ 8%.
5, coconut meal, flax seed meal
In the formulation and adjustment of fresh water fish, you must find a price lower than 2000 yuan/ton feed ingredients, coconut meal, flax seed meal is the main raw material can choose.
According to the case, we use control respectively in 10% of the usage is feasible.
6, seeds class raw materials.
Rapeseed oil as raw material and the protein raw materials, used in 3% of the pellet feed is feasible.
Prickly ash seed oil content, at about 23%, more than 23% of the protein, is a kind of oil raw material, the hard particles in freshwater fish feed can be used in 1% ~ 3%, the current market price is in 1850 yuan/ton.
Grape seeds containing fat by more than 8%, protein 12%, sugar 30%, is also a kind of more economical price. Now the price is in 1850 yuan/ton. In freshwater fish feed usage can be around 6%.
7, corn DDGS
In order to avoid the oxidation of corn oil side effects, can use low fat (6%). There are sebum DDGS10 % the following amount.
8, cassava dregs, slag of liquor
Is now more variable feed ingredients, can be used as feed ingredients on filling.
Now the price below 1100 yuan/ton.
In hard liquor slag particles can be used in feed below 5%, whereas the cassava dregs could the amount of below 10%.
9, wheat, corn
As the main raw materials, starch can be used in the amount of below 20%.
The market price of feed ingredients: should according to the basic supply and demand determine the price and cost, but because of the involvement of the futures market, capital, some international market a lot of hype "stories", so lead to abnormal fluctuation of prices.
Fish meal is a typical case, soybean and soybean meal, corn is also a case, this year also added to the wheat. As a result, the market price of these commodities from the supply and demand, cost. This means that the feed enterprises need to bear the raw material cost is higher than the normal price. This part of the cost how to digest?
Compound feed of the pricing and price: is formula feed and processing products, the cost can be determined, so the compound feed is the price of the pricing according to the cost of production.
If take the abnormal price of the bulk feed ingredients, this part of the cost into the cost of compound feed price, to feed in the price of the product.
This part of the price need to transfer to the breeding, aquaculture is able to bear?
The market price of aquatic products:
The basic principles of pricing should be the production cost and market supply and demand of aquatic products.
However, the market supply and demand of aquatic products pricing covers aquatic products breeding cost pricing principle,
The seafood market is basically in accordance with market supply and demand determine prices.
This leads to eat even at a loss to sell fish, such as guangdong Jin Changyu, snakehead far below the market price of the production cost, but the fish is active, not on the pond for a long time, must be to sell. So the sale at a loss.
So, in the feed product received after abnormal commodities prices, feed products prices of abnormal prices in feed products, the problem is, can eat a ready for? If can't accept, enterprises have to think of some way to feed to control the rising cost of feed formulation. How to control? This is the reason of my front two postings.
Whether it is feasible to reduce feed protein levels?
On the other hand, we now ask of aquatic animal feed protein level set is reasonable? It is high or low, or just the right?
Different aquatic animals to feed protein requirements exactly is how much?
Able to think about all of the above discussion. I just put forward a view that the aquatic animals is warming, its protein requirement is affected by the changes of environment temperature, growth stage, etc.
At the same time, we are doing all these years increase feed protein level of work, rarely do lower protein levels.
We have done in different areas, different types of aquatic animal feed protein level and protein inner quality test, found that 2% lower protein level, if the formula constant cost, you can use the better, more high quality feed ingredients, the breeding effect is better. Feed good corporate profits, farmers profit is better.
Formula structure adjustment is the combination of feed ingredients, must to increase the types of feed ingredients.
New feed ingredients from where to find?
I suggest you many times to study the catalog of feed ingredients. I put some seeds classes directory compiled the following raw materials, you can reference.
You want to have a few awareness:
1, to increase the feed raw material, need to feed processing equipment and processes meet the requirements, such as crushing, mixing tank, etc. Need to coordinate and communicate with production, procurement.
2, no increase in feed ingredients to reduce the feed cost is almost impossible, must find a new raw material.
3, for a due to the small amount of raw materials, or seasonal problem, can only use 1 month, 2 months, will do, to change the previous one view in the raw material can be used all year round.
This increases the formula technology, production of the difficulty. Personal thought, this is need of technical personnel play a role, while the performance to be more appropriate?
4, how to guarantee after adjustment formula results breeding effect is the same:
This is technical personnel reflect your ability. From the level of protein in compound feed and quality, such as oil level and quality of comprehensive analysis.
Insufficient to fully make up, such as protein levels dropped, increase in oil. If the oil price is high, has more protein. Protein and amino acids, fat and fatty acid, carbohydrate, mineral salt, especially after overall consideration such as phosphorus, vitamin, can effective safeguard the breeding effect.
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