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一、豬病常見病理名詞解釋
1、萎縮：是指已發(fā)育正常的實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞積縮小，可以伴發(fā)細(xì)胞數(shù)量的減少。
2、肥大：細(xì)胞、組織和器官體積的增大，稱為肥大。
3、增生：實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞的增多稱為增生，增生可導(dǎo)致組織、器官的增大。細(xì)胞增生也常伴發(fā)細(xì)胞肥大。
4、變性：是指細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞間質(zhì)受損傷后因代謝發(fā)生障礙所致的某些可逆性形態(tài)學(xué)變化。表現(xiàn)為細(xì)胞漿內(nèi)或細(xì)胞間質(zhì)內(nèi)有各種異常物質(zhì)或是異常增多的正常物質(zhì)的蓄積，并伴有功能下降。
5、細(xì)胞水腫：是細(xì)胞輕度損傷后常發(fā)生的早期病變，好發(fā)于肝、心、腎等實(shí)質(zhì)細(xì)胞的胞漿。細(xì)胞水腫的主要原因是缺氧、感染和中毒。去除病因后，水腫的細(xì)胞可恢復(fù)正常。
6、 脂肪變：細(xì)胞漿內(nèi)甘油三酯（或中性脂肪）的蓄積稱為脂肪變或脂肪變性。起因于營(yíng)養(yǎng)障礙、感染、中毒和缺氧等。多發(fā)生于肝細(xì)胞、心肌纖維和腎小管上皮。
7、粘液樣變性：是指間質(zhì)內(nèi)有粘多糖（透明脂酸等）和蛋白質(zhì)的蓄積。常見于間葉組織腫瘤、風(fēng)濕病、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良時(shí)的骨髓和脂肪組織等。鏡下：間質(zhì)疏松，有多突起的星芒狀纖維細(xì)胞散在于灰藍(lán)色粘液樣的基質(zhì)中。
8、壞死：是活體內(nèi)范圍不等的局部細(xì)胞死亡，死亡細(xì)胞的質(zhì)膜（細(xì)胞膜、細(xì)胞器膜等）崩解、結(jié)構(gòu)自溶（壞死細(xì)胞被自身的溶酶體酶消化）并引發(fā)急性炎癥反應(yīng)。
9、凝固性壞死：壞死的細(xì)胞的蛋白質(zhì)凝固，還常保持其輪廓?dú)堄�。這可能是由于死死局部的酸中毒使壞死細(xì)胞的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白和酶蛋白變性，封閉了蛋白質(zhì)的溶解過(guò)程。凝固性壞死好發(fā)于心肌、肝、脾、腎等。
10、干酪性壞死：是徹底的凝固性壞死，是結(jié)核病的特征性病變。鏡下：不見壞死部位原有組織結(jié)構(gòu)的殘影，甚至不見核碎屑，肉眼觀：壞死呈白色或微黃，細(xì)膩，形似奶酪，因而得名。
11、纖維素性樣壞死：曾稱為纖維素樣變性。發(fā)生于結(jié)締組織和血管壁，是變態(tài)反應(yīng)性結(jié)締組織�。L(fēng)濕病、類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎等）和急進(jìn)性高血壓的特征性病變。鏡下，壞死組織成細(xì)絲、顆粒狀的紅染的纖維素（纖維蛋白）樣，聚集成片塊。纖維素樣壞死物質(zhì)可能是腫脹、崩解的膠原纖維（由于抗原-抗體復(fù)合物引 發(fā)），或是沉積于結(jié)締組織中的免疫球蛋白，也可能是由血液中滲出的纖維蛋白原轉(zhuǎn)變成的纖維素。
12、糜爛：皮膚、粘膜處的淺表性壞死性缺損稱為糜爛。較深的壞死性缺損稱為潰瘍。
二、按病豬的熱型曲線（熱型曲線是指每日兩次測(cè)得的病豬體溫?cái)?shù)值的連線）將體溫分為
1、稽留熱：即高熱持續(xù)數(shù)天不降，且晝夜體溫溫差在1 ℃以內(nèi)。這是致熱原在體內(nèi)持續(xù)存在并不斷刺激體溫調(diào)節(jié)中樞的結(jié)果。常見于豬瘟、丹毒、流感、大葉性肺炎、豬急性痢疾、急性傳染性胸膜肺炎等。
2、弛張熱：即晝夜體溫變化超過(guò)1 ℃，但不降至正常體溫的狀態(tài)。常見于小葉性肺炎、胸膜炎、灶性化膿性疾病、急性豬肺疫、豬丹毒及許多敗血癥。
3、間歇熱：即病豬的發(fā)熱期和無(wú)熱期有規(guī)律地交替出現(xiàn)。發(fā)熱持續(xù)期或間歇期的長(zhǎng)短不等，隨致熱物質(zhì)進(jìn)入血液，作用于神經(jīng)中樞的時(shí)期和持續(xù)時(shí)間而變化。發(fā)熱時(shí)表現(xiàn)出惡寒、戰(zhàn)栗、多汗等癥狀，進(jìn)入間歇期則癥狀消失。常見于血孢子蟲病、支氣管炎及化膿性局灶性感染、敗血型鏈球菌及局部化膿性疾病。
4、不定型熱：即發(fā)熱持續(xù)時(shí)間不定，體溫變動(dòng)無(wú)規(guī)律，體溫曲線不規(guī)則。常見于許多非典型疾病，多見于非典型豬瘟及其它典型傳染病。
三、藥理學(xué)常見的名詞解釋
1、藥物：指可以改變或查明機(jī)體的生理功能及病理狀態(tài)，可用以預(yù)防、診斷和治療疾病的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。
2、對(duì)因治療：用藥目的在于消除原發(fā)致病因子，徹底治愈疾病。
3、對(duì)癥治療：用藥目的在于改善癥狀。
4、副作用：由于藥物選擇性低，藥理效應(yīng)涉及多個(gè)器官，當(dāng)某一效應(yīng)用做治療目的時(shí)，其他效應(yīng)就稱為副作用。
5、毒性反應(yīng)：指劑量過(guò)大或藥物在體內(nèi)蓄積過(guò)多時(shí)發(fā)生的危害性反應(yīng)。
6、變態(tài)反應(yīng)：即過(guò)敏反應(yīng)。常見于過(guò)敏體質(zhì)病人，反應(yīng)性質(zhì)與藥物原有效應(yīng)無(wú)關(guān)，用藥理性拮抗藥解救無(wú)效。反應(yīng)的嚴(yán)重程度差異很大且與劑量無(wú)關(guān)。
7、效價(jià)強(qiáng)度：指能引起等效反應(yīng)（一般采用50%效應(yīng)量）的相對(duì)濃度或劑量，其值越小則強(qiáng)度越大。
8、半數(shù)有效量：指能引起50%的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物出現(xiàn)陽(yáng)性反應(yīng)時(shí)的藥物劑量。
9、半數(shù)致死量：指能引起50%的實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物死亡時(shí)的藥物劑量。
四、臨床免疫學(xué)名詞解釋
1、抗體：是機(jī)體在抗原刺激下，由漿細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的具有特異性的免疫球蛋白，它可與相應(yīng)抗原發(fā)生特異性結(jié)合的特性。
2、佐劑：為了促進(jìn)抗體的產(chǎn)生，可在注射抗原的同時(shí)，加入一種輔助劑，這種輔助劑稱為佐劑，應(yīng)用最多的福氏佐劑，是由石臘油、羊毛脂和卡介苗混合而成。
3、免疫系統(tǒng)：由主宰或執(zhí)行機(jī)體免疫功能的器官、組織、細(xì)胞和分子所組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)稱為免疫系統(tǒng)。它是機(jī)體免疫機(jī)制發(fā)生的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。
4、免疫活性細(xì)胞：在免疫應(yīng)答過(guò)程中起核心作用的是淋巴細(xì)胞，其中接受抗原刺激后，能發(fā)生特異性免疫應(yīng)答的淋巴細(xì)胞稱為抗原特異性淋巴細(xì)胞，或稱免疫活性細(xì)胞（ICC），即T細(xì)胞和B細(xì)胞。
5、免疫應(yīng)答：是機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)抗原刺激所產(chǎn)生的以排除抗原為目的的生理過(guò)程。免疫應(yīng)答的過(guò)程可以人為地分成三個(gè)階段：抗原識(shí)別階段、淋巴細(xì)胞活化階段、抗原清除階段。
6、抗原處理：是指輔佐細(xì)胞將天然抗原轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭杀?span>TH細(xì)胞識(shí)別形式的過(guò)程，它包括抗原變性、降解和修飾等。
7、干擾素：是由多種細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的具有廣泛的抗病毒、抗腫瘤和免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用的可溶性糖蛋白。
8、自身耐受：又稱自然耐受，即正常情況下，免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)宿主自身的組織和細(xì)胞不產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答。
9、獲得性耐受：是由于人工給予非己抗原誘導(dǎo)而形成的耐受。
10、自身免疫：正常情況下，免疫系統(tǒng)對(duì)宿主自身的組織和細(xì)胞不產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答，這種現(xiàn)象稱為身免疫耐受。當(dāng)某種原因使自身免疫耐受性削弱或破壞時(shí)，免疫系統(tǒng)就會(huì)對(duì)自身成分產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答，這種現(xiàn)象稱為自身免疫。
11、變態(tài)反應(yīng)：由免疫炎癥或其他免疫應(yīng)答機(jī)制所致的組織損傷或功能障礙稱為變態(tài)反應(yīng)，也叫超敏反應(yīng)。
12、抗原：指能夠誘導(dǎo)機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)生免疫應(yīng)答，產(chǎn)生抗體和〈或〉致敏淋巴細(xì)胞，并能與相應(yīng)抗體和（或）致敏淋巴細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)外發(fā)生特異性反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)。
13、免疫原性 ：是指抗原分子能誘導(dǎo)免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)生免疫應(yīng)答，產(chǎn)生抗體和（或）致敏淋巴細(xì)胞的特性。
14、反應(yīng)原性：是指抗原分子能與免疫應(yīng)答產(chǎn)物，即抗體和〈或〉致敏淋巴細(xì)胞在體內(nèi)外發(fā)生特異性反應(yīng)的特性。
15、抗原決定簇：抗原物質(zhì)表面的能決定抗原特異性的特殊化學(xué)基團(tuán)，又稱表位。
16、免疫細(xì)胞：免疫細(xì)胞泛指所有參加免疫應(yīng)答或與免疫應(yīng)答有關(guān)的細(xì)胞及其前身，主要包括造血干細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞、單核/巨噬細(xì)胞及其它抗原提呈細(xì)胞、粒細(xì)胞、肥大細(xì)胞和紅細(xì)胞等。
17、干擾素：因其具有干擾病毒感染和復(fù)制的能力而命名，根據(jù)來(lái)源和理化性質(zhì)的差異可分為IFN-α、IFN-γ、IFN-β三類。IFN-α和 IFN-β主要由白細(xì)胞和成纖維細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生，統(tǒng)稱為I型干擾素，通常由病毒感染誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生IFN-γ主要由活化的T細(xì)胞和NK細(xì)產(chǎn)生，稱為Ⅱ型干擾素，通常由 抗原與有絲分裂原誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生。干擾素具有抗病毒、抗腫瘤和免疫調(diào)節(jié)作用。
18、免疫粘附：是指細(xì)菌或免疫復(fù)合物激活補(bǔ)體、結(jié)合C3b/C4b后，與表面具有相應(yīng)補(bǔ)體受體的紅細(xì)胞和血小板結(jié)合，形成較大的聚合物的現(xiàn)象。大分子聚合物易被體內(nèi)吞噬細(xì)胞吞噬清除，對(duì)機(jī)體有益。
19、免疫球蛋白：是指具有抗體活性或化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)與抗體相似的球蛋白。主要存在于血液和某些外分泌液中，也可作為抗原識(shí)別受體存在于B細(xì)胞表面。
The English version
A, pig disease common pathological noun explanation
1, shrinking: refers to the essence of the development of normal cell product has narrowed, can with a reduction in the number of cells.
2, hypertrophy: the increase of volume of cells, tissues and organs, is called hypertrophy.
3, proliferation, increased parenchymal cells called hyperplasia, hyperplasia can lead to the increase of tissues and organs. Cell hyperplasia is a constant companion hair cell hypertrophy.
4, modified: refers to the cell or after mesenchymal cells damaged by metabolic disorder caused by some of the reversible morphological changes. Experience or inside the cell plasma cell contains many different abnormal interstitial substance or the accumulation of abnormal increase of normal matter, accompanied by functional decline.
Is 5, cellular edema: cell injury often occur after the early pathological changes, occurs in liver, heart and kidney parenchyma cell cytoplasm. Cell edema, hypoxia, infection, and is the leading cause of poisoning. After removing the cause, edema of the cells can be back to normal.
6, fat: cell plasma triglycerides (or neutral fat) accumulation is called fat or fatty degeneration. Due to nutritional disorders, infection, toxicity, and oxygen. Develops in liver cells, myocardial fibers and renal tubular epithelium.
7, myxoid degeneration: refers to the stroma contains mucopolysaccharide (transparent fatty acid, etc.) and the accumulation of protein. Common in mesenchymal tissue tumors, rheumatism, atherosclerosis and malnutrition, such as bone marrow and adipose tissue. Microscopically, interstitial loose, how processes the astral form fiber cells is grey blue myxoid stroma.
8, necrosis: is a range of local cell death in vivo and dead cell plasma membrane (cell membranes and organelles membrane, etc.) disintegrating, structure autolyzed (dead cells are own lysosomal enzyme digestion) and cause acute inflammation.
9, coagulation necrosis: protein coagulation necrosis of cells, also often keep their profile. This may be due to local acidosis hover the structure of the dead cells protein and enzyme protein denaturation, closed the dissolution process of protein. Coagulation necrosis occurs in myocardium, liver, spleen, kidney, etc.
10 is thorough, caseous necrosis: coagulation necrosis, is characteristic of TB lesions. Microscopically, the original organization structure the ghosting see necrotic areas, even not see nuclear debris, macroscopic view: necrosis is white or light yellow, delicate, shaped like a cheese, so its name.
11, fiber necrosis: once called fibrinoid degeneration. Occur in connective tissue and blood vessel walls, is allergic connective tissue disease, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) and radical characteristic lesions of hypertension. Microscopically, the necrotic tissue into filaments, granular red dye cellulose (fibrin) sample, gathered into pieces. Fibrinoid necrosis material may be swelling and disintegration of collagen fibers (due to the antigen antibody complex), or immune globulin in the deposition in connective tissue, may also be by fibrinogen blood seeps into the fiber.
12, erosion, skin, mucous membrane of superficial necrotizing defect known as erosion. Deeper necrotizing defect called ulcer.
Second, according to the sick pigs hot type curve (hot type curve is measured twice a day sick pigs temperature numerical attachment) will be divided into body temperature
1, continued fever that do not fall high fever for several days, and body temperature day and night temperature difference within 1 ℃. This is to heat the original persists in the body and the result of stimulation of the temperature regulating center). Common in swine fever, erysipelas, influenza, lobar pneumonia, acute dysentery, acute infectious pleuropneumonia pigs, etc.
2, remittent fever: day and night temperature changes more than 1 ℃, but it does not drop to normal temperature state. Common in lobular pneumonia, pleurisy, focal suppurative diseases, acute pig lung disease, swine erysipelas and many sepsis.
3, intermittent fever, the sick pigs stage of fever and no hot regularly appear alternately. Fever stage continuous or intermittent vary in length, along with the hot material into the blood, ACTS on the nerve center of the period and duration. Fever when showing the evil cold, tremor, the symptom such as sweat, symptoms disappear into the break. Spores found in blood disease, bronchitis and suppurative focal infection, blood group and local suppurative streptococcus disease.
4, not finalize the hot: duration of fever, irregular temperature changes, temperature curve is irregular. Common in many atypical disease, see more at atypical swine fever and other infectious diseases typical.
Three common noun explanation, pharmacology
1, drug refers to can change or to find out the body's physiological functions and pathological state, could be used in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of chemicals.
2, for the treatment: the purpose is to eliminate the primary pathogenic factor, completely cure the disease.
3, symptomatic treatment, the purpose is to improve symptoms.
4, the side effect: selective low due to drugs, pharmacological effect involving multiple organs, when a certain effect for therapeutic purposes, other effects are called side-effects.
5, toxic reaction: refers to the excessive or drug dosage is overmuch occurs when harmful reactions in the body.
6, allergy: allergic reaction. Common in patients with allergic constitution, nature of the reaction has nothing to do with the original drug effect, drug rational antagonist medicine rescue is invalid. The severity of the reaction difference is very big and has nothing to do with the dose.
7, titer strength: refers to the equivalent reaction can cause (generally adopt) 50% effect of relative concentration or dose, the smaller its value, the greater the intensity.
8, median effective dose: refers to can cause 50% of experimental animals appeared positive reaction of doses.
9, median lethal dose: refers to can cause 50% of the experimental animals died when the dose of drug.
Four, clinical immunology noun explanation
Antibody: 1, is the body under the antigen stimulation produced by plasma cells has the specificity immune globulin, it can be combined with the corresponding antigen specific features.
2, adjuvant: in order to promote the production of antibodies, but at the same time of injection of antigen, join a auxiliary agent, this kind of adjuvant called adjuvants, applied the most adjuvant's blessing, consists of paraffin oil, lanolin and BCG vaccine.
3, the immune system: performed by the master or the body's immune function of organs, tissues, cells and molecules made up of a system is called the immune system. It is the body's immune mechanism of material base.
4, immune active cells: in the process of the immune response is lymphocytes, plays the core role of antigen stimulation, can happen specific immune response of lymphocytes called antigen specific lymphocytes, or immune active cells (ICC), namely, T cells and B cells.
5, immune response, is the body's immune system to an antigen stimulation to eliminate antigen for the purpose of physiological processes. Immune response can be artificially divided into three stages: the process of antigen recognition stage, stage of lymphocyte activation, antigen sweep phase.
6, antigen processing: refers to the natural antigen for cells would turn into to be TH cell identification in the form of a process, it includes antigen degeneration, degradation and modification, etc.
7, interferon: is produced by many cells have a wide range of antiviral, anti-tumor and immune regulation of soluble glycoprotein.
8, their tolerance: also called natural tolerance, namely, under normal circumstances, to host their own tissues and cells of the immune system does not produce the immune response.
9, acquired resistance: it is because human gives the antigen induced to form a tolerance.
10, autoimmune: under normal circumstances, to host their own tissues and cells of the immune system does not produce the immune response, this phenomenon is called the body immune tolerance. As some reason make the immune tolerance to weaken or damage, the immune system can produce immune response to their composition, this phenomenon is called autoimmune.
11, allergy: caused by immune inflammation or other immune response mechanism of tissue injury or dysfunction called allergy, also called hypersensitivity.
12, antigen: refers to can induce immune response, the body's immune system to produce antibodies and lymphocytes, sensitization to < or > and (or) and corresponding antibody sensitized lymphocytes in the matter of specific reaction in vivo and in vitro.
13, immunogenicity: refers to the antigen can induce immune response, the immune system to produce antibodies and (or) sensitization characteristics of lymphocytes.
14, the original sex: refers to the antigen molecules and immune response, namely antibodies and lymphocyte sensitization to the < or the > outside the characteristics of specific reaction in the body.
15, antigenic determinant: antigens on the surface of the material can make special antigen specific chemical group, also known as table.
16, immune cells, immune cells refers to all the participants in the immune response or related to immune response of the cell and its predecessor, mainly including hematopoietic stem cells, lymphocyte, monocyte/macrophage and other antigen presenting cells, granulocytes, mast cells and red blood cells, etc.
17, interferon: because of its interference virus infection and the ability to copy and naming, based on the differences of the sources and physical and chemical properties can be divided into interferons alpha, IFN - gamma, IFN - beta three categories. Interferons alpha and IFN - beta is mainly produced by white blood cells and fibroblasts, collectively known as type I interferon, often induced by virus infection IFN - gamma is mainly produced by the activation of T cells and NK fine, called interferon Ⅱ type, usually by antigen and mitogen induced. Interferon antiviral, anti-tumor and immune regulation.
18, immune adhesion: refers to bacteria or immune complex activate complement, combining C3b/C4b, with appropriate complement receptor and surface of red blood cells and platelets, form a larger phenomenon of polymers. Macromolecular polymer easily consumed by phagocytic cells in the body to clear, beneficial to the body.
19, immune globulin: refers to with antibody activity or chemical structure similar to antibody globulin. Mainly exist in the blood and some fluids outside, also can be used as antigen recognition receptors exist in the surface of B cells.
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