2012年6月1日，中華人民共和國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部公告第1773號(hào)制定的《飼料原料目錄》將蒙脫石列入了飼料原料，編號(hào)為11.1.7。一時(shí)間，市場(chǎng)上便涌現(xiàn)了大量的蒙脫石商家，魚龍混雜，產(chǎn)品價(jià)格從3--4元/公斤到30--40元/公斤不 等，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也是良莠不齊，對(duì)產(chǎn)品的作用機(jī)理及功效更是眾說(shuō)紛紜。
通過(guò)大量的閱讀、調(diào)查，我將手上的材料整理成本文，并寫下幾點(diǎn)自己的思考，分享給行業(yè)內(nèi)的朋友們。水平有限，還望行業(yè)內(nèi)的專家多多批評(píng)指正。
一、定義與分類：
1、定義：
狹義上講，蒙脫石(montmorillonite)又名微晶高嶺石，是一種層狀結(jié)構(gòu)、片狀結(jié)晶的硅鋁酸鹽粘土礦，因其最初發(fā)現(xiàn)于法國(guó)的蒙脫城而命名的，俗名稱觀音土。其族系物有11種，其化學(xué)簡(jiǎn)式為(Na，Ca) 0.33 (Al，Mg)2[Si4O10](OH)2•nH2O，葉片狀硅鋁酸鹽通過(guò)交聯(lián)的硅酸鹽四面體和交聯(lián)的鋁酸鹽八面體的薄片的相互壓縮而形成片層結(jié)構(gòu)。二 價(jià)或三價(jià)的陽(yáng)離子包裹在帶有氧和羥基的八面體中，硅處于帶有氧和羥基的八面體中。
硅酸鹽四面體和鋁酸鹽八面體兩者以1：1的比例形成了分子式為 M2-3Si2O5(OH)4的層狀硅鋁酸鹽粘土；若在兩層硅酸鹽四面體中插入鋁酸鹽八面體（2：1的比例）就形成了三型的層狀硅鋁酸鹽 M2-3Si4O10(OH)2；三型硅鋁酸鹽通過(guò)氧離子鏈狀排列形成鏈型層狀硅鋁酸鹽。
硅鋁酸鹽粘土礦是粘土類礦物中晶體結(jié)構(gòu)變異最強(qiáng)的礦物之一，通過(guò)衍射儀慢速掃描的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明為天然納米材料。
廣義上講的蒙脫石多是指膨潤(rùn)土原礦，常呈土狀隱晶質(zhì)塊狀，電鏡下為細(xì)小鱗片狀。為了區(qū)分膨潤(rùn)土，工業(yè)用蒙脫石又追加定義，在膨潤(rùn)土原礦中，當(dāng)硅鋁酸鹽粘土礦的含量80%以上時(shí)，才稱作為蒙脫石。
2、分類：
蒙脫石的類型是根據(jù)蒙脫石的層間陽(yáng)離子種類決定的：
層間陽(yáng)離子為Na+時(shí)稱鈉基蒙脫石；
層間陽(yáng)離子為Ca2+時(shí)稱鈣基蒙脫石；
層間陽(yáng)離子為H+時(shí)稱氫基蒙脫石；
層間陽(yáng)離子為有機(jī)陽(yáng)離子時(shí)稱有機(jī)蒙脫石。
二、蒙脫石晶體結(jié)構(gòu)特性：
1、電負(fù)性。
硅氧四面體中的硅可被鋁置換，鋁氧八面體中的鋁可被鎂、鐵、鋅等多種離子置換。由于Al3+置換Si4+，使得蒙脫石晶體整體帶負(fù)電荷。
2、陽(yáng)離子交換性。
為達(dá)到電荷平衡，蒙脫石晶胞會(huì)吸附K+、Na+、Ca2+等交換性陽(yáng)離子，另外八面體片中的OH-置換O2-也可部分中和晶格中的負(fù)離子，因此蒙脫石類礦物有吸附陽(yáng)離子和極性有機(jī)分子的能力，這些陽(yáng)離子或分子在一定條件下具有“可進(jìn)可出”的交換性。
3、吸水膨脹性。
兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)單元層之間以分子間力連結(jié)，結(jié)構(gòu)較松散，在外力或極性水分子的作用下層間會(huì)產(chǎn)生相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)而膨脹或剝離。水分子或其它有機(jī)分子可以進(jìn)入層間，造就了其強(qiáng)吸水膨脹性、高分散性、懸浮性、觸變性、潤(rùn)滑性和吸附性等。
三、與膨潤(rùn)土、高嶺土、白土的區(qū)別：
1、與膨潤(rùn)土的區(qū)別：
膨潤(rùn)土是以蒙脫石為主要礦物成分的非金屬礦產(chǎn)，它的一些性質(zhì)也都是由蒙脫石所決定的。但是膨潤(rùn)土中也含有大量的雜質(zhì)，大約在5-10%左右，方英石（一種致癌物質(zhì)）的含量大約在20%以上，重金屬超標(biāo)等一些問(wèn)題存在。
廣義上講的蒙脫石實(shí)際上也是一種膨潤(rùn)土，只是蒙脫石本命體的含量在80%以上，而且作了除雜、提純處理。
2、與高嶺土的區(qū)別：
高嶺土是一種主要以高嶺石為主要成分的黏土礦物，是一種含水硅鋁酸鹽礦物，高嶺石的化學(xué)簡(jiǎn)式為：Al4[Si4O10](OH)8,主要呈白色軟泥狀，顆粒細(xì)膩，狀似面粉。其化學(xué)成分相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定，被譽(yù)為“萬(wàn)能石”。為制造瓷器和陶器的主要原料。
區(qū)別在于空間結(jié)構(gòu)：高嶺石是一種含水的鋁硅酸鹽，為三斜晶系，結(jié)構(gòu)層間沒(méi)有陽(yáng)離子或水 分子存在，強(qiáng)氫鍵（O-OH=0.289nm）加強(qiáng)了結(jié)構(gòu)層之間的連結(jié)。而蒙脫石又名微晶高嶺石，是一種層狀結(jié)構(gòu)、片狀結(jié)晶的硅酸鹽粘土礦，為單斜晶系，結(jié)構(gòu)層間有陽(yáng)離子或水分子存在，強(qiáng)氧離子鏈加強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)層之間的連結(jié)。
3、與白土的區(qū)別：
白土是膨潤(rùn)土的一種，是一種含鎂質(zhì)的粘土，其中MS0含量15％-26％，白土是俗名。其組成81％左右為富鎂蒙脫石，10％為石英，4％為云母類礦物，其余為含鐵的礦物和少量鈣鹽等雜質(zhì)。
三、在畜牧行業(yè)應(yīng)用的價(jià)值：
1、對(duì)動(dòng)物的保護(hù)作用：
蒙脫石對(duì)動(dòng)物的保護(hù)作用源于它的七大功能。
①吸附、固定功能：結(jié)構(gòu)中不均勻帶電性使其可以吸 附各種消化道致病因子。蒙脫石藥理研究表明：它對(duì)大腸桿菌、霍亂弧菌、空腸彎曲菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和輪狀病毒以及膽鹽都有較好的吸附作用；對(duì)細(xì)菌毒素有固定作用；蒙脫石只吸附、固定表面帶有粒編碼蛋白（CS31A）的致病性帶電病原菌，對(duì)表面不帶 CS31 A 的正常菌群無(wú)固定清除作用。
②粘膜屏障功能：蒙脫石與消化道粘液蛋白靜電結(jié)合，可以增加粘液量并改善粘液質(zhì)量提高粘液的內(nèi)聚力和彈性。
③修復(fù)功能：蒙脫石可以修復(fù)受損的消化道上皮細(xì)胞。
④凝血功能：蒙脫石激活凝血因子，在消化道表面形成以蒙脫石顆粒為核心的血粘塊，還可以促進(jìn)血管收縮減緩局部血流，減少出血。
⑤解毒功能：添加蒙脫石控制殘留農(nóng)藥的毒性。蒙脫石對(duì)鉛等重金屬中毒有治療作用。
⑥無(wú)抗體功能：沒(méi)有任何跡象表明任何微生物對(duì)該產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)生了抗性。蒙脫石不進(jìn)入血液，完全排除體外，絕不殘留，是綠色動(dòng)物保健品。
⑦抗應(yīng)激功能：在斷奶前后服用納米蒙脫石，可有效地降低應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。在苗豬出欄時(shí)，可提前3天服用蒙脫石，可減少捕抓中因驚嚇而造成的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)，也可減少運(yùn)輸中的應(yīng)激排便等。
2、在商品飼料中的運(yùn)用：
①蒙脫石是一種效果顯著的脫霉添加劑：飼料中霉菌毒素的污染及其所造成的危害仍然嚴(yán)重。浙江大學(xué)飼料科學(xué)研究所的測(cè)試，蒙脫石對(duì)霉菌毒素具有強(qiáng)力吸附作用，吸附力（％）如下：黃曲霉毒素100％；玉米赤霉烯酮88％；赭曲霉毒素72％；麥角毒素100％；串珠鐮孢菌毒素91％。
②蒙脫石可平衡飼料元素：蒙脫石可平衡飼料元素，可降低飼料中鉛的含量和農(nóng)藥含量。在日糧中添加0.5%蒙脫石可以顯著改善鉛含量為 10mg/kg鉛誘導(dǎo)的損傷，明顯降低了豬全血、腦、肝、腎、骨和毛等組織中鉛含量。結(jié)果表明蒙脫石對(duì)鉛中毒有潛在的治療作用。添加蒙脫石可控制殘留農(nóng)藥的毒性。
�、勖擅撌刹糠痔娲股刂委煾篂a：利用蒙脫石的超強(qiáng)吸附力及吸水膨脹性，用于治療禽 畜類腹瀉痢疾等疾病。具有無(wú)藥物殘留、無(wú)激素、無(wú)耐藥性、療效穩(wěn)定、無(wú)毒副作用等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，對(duì)大腸桿菌、霍亂弧菌、空腸彎曲菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和輪狀病毒及膽鹽都有較好的吸附作用，對(duì)細(xì)菌毒素有固定作用，能修復(fù)和提高胃腸粘膜對(duì)致病因子的防御功能。
④改良劑：由于特有的吸水膨脹性、高分散性、懸浮 性、觸變性、潤(rùn)滑性和吸附性等，蒙脫石一是能夠提高飼料的適口性和改進(jìn)飼料的松散性，延緩飼料通過(guò)消化道的速度，增加營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)本身反應(yīng)的表面積，也增加了營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)與消化道粘膜接觸的表面積，使?fàn)I養(yǎng)物吸收得更充分，從而提高飼料利用率。二是可降低家禽糞便中的水分，保持欄內(nèi)干燥，減少發(fā)病率。
⑤預(yù)混料載體：蒙脫石是預(yù)混料載體的首選。由于蒙 脫石粉劑吸附力強(qiáng)、致密細(xì)膩、流動(dòng)性好，而作為預(yù)混料的載體較磷酸氫鈣、重鈣要優(yōu)良得多。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明：加工過(guò)程中不會(huì)產(chǎn)生分層現(xiàn)象，均勻混合性能好，對(duì)各種維生素、微量元素分散吸附力強(qiáng)，均勻牢固，可以防潮、防霉、防蟲蛀、防變質(zhì)，增加微量元素的含量。
⑥膠粘劑：蒙脫石目前已經(jīng)廣泛作為顆粒飼料和水產(chǎn)餌料的膠粘劑。蒙脫石具有較強(qiáng)的粘結(jié)性，完全可以代替常用的羧基纖維素、次粉等，不僅膠粘效果好，而且可塑性強(qiáng)，成型的粒子型整齊、表面光滑，成本大大低于傳統(tǒng)粘結(jié)劑。
⑦稀釋劑：蒙脫石作為稀釋劑用于干燥發(fā)酵全液制成的產(chǎn)品中。采用PRT作為發(fā)酵飼料的稀釋劑，蒙脫石能將活性成分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，發(fā)酵干燥物的比例可占75%～95%，其余部分由蒙脫石來(lái)補(bǔ)充。
四、我對(duì)蒙脫石的幾點(diǎn)思考：
1、蒙脫石的吸附力是物理吸附還是化學(xué)吸附？
蒙脫石的吸附作用分為選擇性吸附和非選擇性吸附。非選擇性吸附就是通常說(shuō)的交換吸附， 屬于靜電作用，由蒙脫石晶體所帶的永久電荷量控制。蒙脫石空間結(jié)構(gòu)中鋁氧八面體中的鋁可被鎂、鐵、鋅等多種離子置換，由于Al3+置換Si4+，使得蒙脫 石晶體整體帶永久負(fù)電荷。選擇性吸附則不然，它屬于化學(xué)吸附，受可變電荷表面的電量控制。可變電荷表面是指由金屬離子和羥基組成的表面，羥基暴露在表面上。
以Cu2+為例，它被蒙脫石吸附后形成了三種結(jié)構(gòu)狀態(tài)：①Cu2+以水合離子的形式存在于蒙脫石層間；②有部分Cu2+進(jìn)入了Si-（）四面體的復(fù)三方形孔洞中；③有少量Cu2+進(jìn)入了鋁氧八面片的空位。前者屬于交換吸附，后兩者屬于化學(xué)吸附。
蒙脫石吸附黃曲霉毒素后，在紅外光譜中35075px~(-1)和33875px~(-1)吸收峰消失，這說(shuō)明蒙脫石對(duì)黃曲霉毒素存在化學(xué)吸附，其選擇性吸附機(jī)制可能主要是由于它們邊緣的羥基與黃曲霉毒素之間形成了雙氫鍵。（齊德生2004年）
蒙脫石對(duì)黃曲霉毒素的吸附屬于化學(xué)吸附，原理是蒙脫石中的金屬離子與霉菌毒素中的二羰基系統(tǒng)反應(yīng)形成金屬螯合物。
2、對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收？
蒙脫石對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)有一定的吸附性，但也可被水解吸。
蒙脫石晶體為永久負(fù)電荷表面,所帶電荷不隨pH 值發(fā)生變化。當(dāng)吸附反應(yīng)體系的 pH 值低于吸附質(zhì)(賴氨酸、維生素B2)等電點(diǎn)時(shí),吸附質(zhì)帶正電荷,可置換蒙脫石表面陽(yáng)離子, 此時(shí),蒙脫石對(duì)吸附質(zhì)的吸附力除范德華力外還存在庫(kù)侖引力。酸度越大, 吸附質(zhì)帶正電荷越多,庫(kù)侖引力越強(qiáng), 蒙脫石對(duì)吸附質(zhì)的吸附量也就越大。反之,隨 pH 值增加, 膨潤(rùn)土對(duì)吸附質(zhì)的吸附量會(huì)減少。（齊德生2003年）
實(shí)驗(yàn)證明：在溶液pH 2.0和8.0時(shí)，蒙脫石對(duì)賴氨酸最大吸附量分別為64.1mg／g和49.3mg／g；改性蒙脫石的賴氨酸最大吸附量分別為45.4mg／g和 33.8mg／g。它們對(duì)維生素B2的吸附符合Nernst模型，即吸附量與溶液中維生素B2的濃度呈直線相關(guān)。蒙脫石對(duì)賴氨酸及維生素B2的吸附量較改 性蒙脫石的大。在蛋氨酸含量低于0.2％時(shí)，它們對(duì)蛋氨酸均不吸附。賴氨酸、維生素B2被它們吸附后可被水解吸。在pH2.0及pH8.0環(huán)境下吸附后， 再用pH8.O的水解吸時(shí)，蒙脫石表面賴氨酸的解吸率分別為0.3%和20.8%，改性蒙脫石的解吸率分別為38.7%和25.2%；蒙脫石吸附維生素 B2的解吸率分別為79.3%和44.6%，改性蒙脫石的解吸率分別為89.2%和51.9 %。改性蒙脫石對(duì)賴氨酸和維生素B2的吸附量較蒙脫石小，而解吸率較蒙脫石大，可見(jiàn)，蒙脫石經(jīng)適當(dāng)改性后能獲得更理想的物化性能，應(yīng)用價(jià)值提高。（齊德生 2003年）
蒙脫石的吸附、離子交換特性，造成了對(duì)礦物營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況的潛在影響。有研究證實(shí)：蒙脫石會(huì)對(duì)Cu、Ca、P、Zn、Mn等礦物營(yíng)養(yǎng)都有吸附，但在商品飼料中，對(duì)礦物質(zhì)生物利用率的影響有待進(jìn)一步論證。
3、長(zhǎng)期在飼料中添加有無(wú)危害？
蒙脫石對(duì)人和植物無(wú)腐蝕、無(wú)毒、無(wú)刺激，在機(jī)體內(nèi)也不能被吸收和利用。能否長(zhǎng)期使用，會(huì)不會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)體產(chǎn)生不良影響尚無(wú)研究結(jié)論。
4、去雜、提純、改良的必要性？
蒙脫石屬于資源性的產(chǎn)品，部分區(qū)域含量在80%以下的膨潤(rùn)土礦比較普遍，但含量超過(guò)90%而且重金屬、方英石等不超標(biāo)的礦山則非常少見(jiàn)。因此，對(duì)蒙脫石原礦的去雜、提純處理尤為重要。
另外，蒙脫石的改良處理是指利用層間離子交換原理，將層間離子置換成Na+或是有機(jī)離子，這種改良蒙脫石在吸附率及解吸率有一定的提升，而且還能形成排鏈結(jié)構(gòu)。
The English version
June 1, 2012, the ministry of agriculture of the People's Republic of China announcement no. 1773 of the catalog of feed ingredients listed montmorillonite as feed ingredients, Numbers for 11.1.7. At that time, the market is the emergence of a large number of montmorillonite, good and evil people mixed up, product price from 3-4 yuan/kg to 30-40 yuan/kg, etc., product quality is good and bad are intermingled, mechanism and effect the function of product is debated.
Through a lot of reading, the investigation, I will hand the material cost, and write down some own thinking, to share with friends in the industry. Level is limited, still hope experts within the industry, many comment.
One, the definition and classification:
1, the definition:
In a narrow sense, montmorillonite (montmorillonite) and montmorillonite, is a kind of layered structure, flaky crystal silicon aluminate minerals, because of its original montmorillonite city named after the found in France, say the common name GuanYinTu. Kalama department has 11 types and their chemical short form (Na, Ca) 0.33 (Al, Mg) 2 [Si4O10] (OH) 2 • nH2O, lamellar silicon aluminate through crosslinking silicate tetrahedrons and crosslinking of aluminate octahedral sheet by the compressed laminated structure. Divalent or trivalent cations wrapped in octahedron, with oxygen and hydroxyl silicon in octahedron with oxygen and hydroxyl.
Silicate tetrahedrons and aluminate octahedral both in a ratio of 1:1 to form the formula for the M2-3 si2o5 (OH) 4 layered silicon aluminate clay; If inserted in the two layers of silicate tetrahedrons aluminate octahedron (2:1 ratio) is formed of three type of layered silicon aluminate M2-3 si4o10 (OH) 2; Three type silicon aluminate by oxygen ions catenation form layered silicon aluminate chain type.
Silicon aluminate clay is clay mineral, one of the strongest crystal structure variation in mineral through diffraction slow scan test results show that for natural nanomaterials.
Montmorillonite more broad sense refers to a bentonite ore, soil shaped crystal block, often under the electron microscope for small scales. In order to distinguish between bentonite, montmorillonite and additional definitions, used in industry in the bentonite ore, more than 80% when the content of silicon aluminium acid salt clay minerals, they said as montmorillonite.
2, classification:
The type of the montmorillonite is determined according to the montmorillonite interlayer cation type:
Interlayer cation of Na + said sodium based montmorillonite;
Interlayer cation Ca2 + said calcium montmorillonite;
Interlayer cation of H + said hydrogen based montmorillonite;
Interlayer cation for organic cationic organic montmorillonite said.
Second, the montmorillonite crystal structure features:
1, the electronegativity.
Of silicon can be aluminum silicon oxygen tetrahedron replacement, aluminium oxide octahedron of aluminum can be magnesium, iron, zinc and so on the many kinds of ion exchange. Because Al3 + displacement Si4 + montmorillonite crystal negatively charged as a whole.
2, cation exchange.
To charge balance, montmorillonite crystal cell will adsorption K +, Na +, Ca2 + exchangeable cations, such as other octahedron of OH - replacement O2 - also has partial and negative ions in the crystal lattice, thus minerals montmorillonite has the ability of adsorption of cation and polarity organic molecules, the cation or molecules under certain conditions is "in the" exchange.
3, water absorption expansion.
Two structural unit connected by intermolecular forces between layers, structure is loose, the external force or the role of the polar water molecules will produce relative motion between the lower and inflation or splitting. Water or other organic molecules can enter interlayer, contributed to its strong water absorption swelling, high dispersion, suspension, thixotropy, lubricity, and adsorption, etc.
Three, and bentonite clay, kaolin, clay difference:
1, the protection of animals:
Montmorillonite on animal protection comes from its seven functions.
(1) adsorption, fixed function: structure of uneven charge allows it to absorb all kinds of digestive tract pathogenic factors. Montmorillonite shiyao principle research shows that: it on escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae, jejunum bending bacteria, staphylococcus aureus, rotavirus and bile salt has good adsorption; Have a fixed effect on bacterial toxin; Montmorillonite only surface adsorption, fixed with A grain of encoding protein (CS31A) pathogenic charged pathogenic bacteria, the surface without the normal flora of CS31 A non-fixed scavenging effect.
(2) the mucous membrane barrier function: montmorillonite and digestive tract mucous protein electrostatic combination, can increase the amount of mucus and improve the cohesion of quality improvement of mucus and elasticity.
(3) repair function: montmorillonite can repair the damaged gastrointestinal epithelial cells.
(4) coagulant function: montmorillonite activated clotting factors, in the digestive tract surface with montmorillonite particles as the core of blood viscosity, can also promote vasoconstriction slow down the local blood flow, reduce bleeding.
(5) detoxification function: add montmorillonite toxicity of pesticide residue in control. Montmorillonite has therapeutic effect on lead and other heavy metal poisoning.
6. No antibody function: there is no sign of any microbial resistance for this product. Montmorillonite is not into the blood stream, completely ruled out in vitro, no residue, is a green animal health products.
All landowners anti-stress function: before and after weaning of nanometer montmorillonite, can effectively reduce the stress response. When a pig market, take montmorillonite can be 3 days in advance, can reduce the catch in the stress reaction caused in terror, and also can reduce stress in the transportation bowel movements, etc.
The application of 2, in the commodity feed:
1) montmorillonite is a kind of effective mildew additives: off of mycotoxins in feed caused by the pollution and its harm is still serious. Test feed science research institute, zhejiang university, montmorillonite of mycotoxins has strong adsorption, adsorption (%) as follows: aflatoxin 100%; Corn gibberellic ketene 88%; Ochre and aspergillus toxin 72%; Ergot toxin is 100%; Fusarium toxins beaded 91%.
(2) montmorillonite can be balanced feed element: montmorillonite can be balanced feed element, can reduce the content of lead and pesticide content in the feed. 0.5% montmorillonite is added in the diet can significantly improve the lead to 10 mg/kg damage induced by lead, significantly reduced the pig whole blood, brain, liver, kidney, bone and hair lead levels in the organizations. The results show that montmorillonite is potential therapeutic effect for lead poisoning. Add the toxicity of pesticide residue in montmorillonite can be controlled.
(3) montmorillonite can partly replace antibiotic treatment of diarrhea: using montmorillonite super adsorption force and water absorption swelling, used in the treatment of poultry livestock diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery. Have no drug residues, no hormone, no drug resistance, stable curative effect, non-toxic side effects, etc, to escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae, jejunum bending bacteria, staphylococcus aureus, rotavirus and bile salt has good adsorption effect, have a fixed effect on bacterial toxins, can repair and improve the defence function of gastric mucous membrane of pathogenic factors.
(4) amendment: due to the characteristic of the water absorbing swelling, high dispersion, suspension, thixotropy, lubricity and adsorption, such as montmorillonite is to improve feed palatability and improve feed loose, slow feed through the digestive tract, increase nutrition response surface area of the material itself, has increased the nutrients and digestive tract mucous membrane contact surface area, the nutrient to absorb more fully, thus improve the feed utilization rate. Second, can reduce the moisture in the poultry excrement, stay bar dry, reduce the incidence of a disease.
(5) premix carrier: montmorillonite is premix carrier of choice. Because of montmorillonite powder strong adsorbability, dense fine, good liquidity, as a carrier of the premix, and the calcium hydrogen phosphate, coarse whiting is much more superior. Experiment showed that won't produce statified phenomenon, in the manufacturing process of mixing performance is good, for a variety of vitamins, trace elements scattered adsorption force strong, uniform and firm, can be moistureproof, mouldproof, insect-resistant eat by moth, prevent deterioration, increase the content of trace elements.
6 adhesive: montmorillonite has been widely as grain feed and aquatic bait adhesive. Montmorillonite with strong cohesiveness, can completely replace the commonly used carboxyl cellulose, powder and so on, not only the adhesive effect is good, and high plasticity, forming particle type and neat, smooth surface, the cost is much lower than traditional binder.
All landowners thinner: montmorillonite as diluent used in products made of dry fermentation fluid. Using PRT as diluent of fermented feed, standardization of montmorillonite can be active ingredients, fermented dry content 75% ~ 75%, the proportion of the rest of the supplement by montmorillonite.
Four, my some thinking of montmorillonite:
1, the adsorption force of montmorillonite is physical adsorption or chemical adsorption?
The adsorption effect of montmorillonite was divided into selective adsorption and selective adsorption. The selective adsorption is usually said exchange adsorption, belong to the electrostatic effect, by montmorillonite crystal with permanent charge control. Montmorillonite chinalco oxygen octahedrons space structure of aluminum can be magnesium, iron, zinc and so on the many kinds of ion exchange, because Al3 + displacement Si4 +, making montmorillonite crystal with permanent negative charge as a whole. Not so with selective adsorption, which belongs to the chemical adsorption, controlled by variable charge on the surface of the power. Variable charge surface is made up of metal ions and hydroxyl surface, hydroxy exposed on the surface.
Cu2 +, for example, it is after montmorillonite adsorption formed the structure of three kinds of state: 1) Cu2 + in the form of hydrated ion exists in montmorillonite interlayer; (2) some Cu2 + into the Si - () tetrahedral complex three square holes; (3) with a small amount of Cu2 + into the alumina eight slots. The former belongs to the exchange adsorption, which belongs to the chemical adsorption.
Montmorillonite after adsorption aflatoxin, 35075 px in the infrared spectrum ~ (1) and 33875 px ~ (1) absorption peak disappear, this suggests that the montmorillonite of aflatoxin chemical adsorption, the selective adsorption mechanism may mainly due to them on the edge of the hydroxyl and form a double hydrogen bond between aflatoxin. De-sheng qi (2004)
Montmorillonite belongs to the chemical adsorption of aflatoxin, montmorillonite is the principle of metal ions and mycotoxins of metal chelate dicarbonyl system reaction.
2, the absorption of nutrients?
Montmorillonite has certain adsorption to nutrients, but can also be water desorption.
And the permanent negative charge on the surface of montmorillonite crystal charged with pH change. When adsorption reaction system pH value is lower than the adsorbate (lysine, vitamin B2), isoelectric point, the adsorption of positively charged, replaceable montmorillonite surface cation, at this point, the montmorillonite on the adsorption properties of the adsorption force in addition to the van der Waals force is coulomb attraction. Acidity, the greater the adsorbate the more positively charged, the stronger the coulomb attraction, montmorillonite on adsorption properties of the adsorption quantity. On the other hand, with the increase of pH, bentonite on the adsorption properties of adsorption capacity will be reduced. De-sheng qi (2003)
Experimental results show: when solution pH 2.0 and 8.0, montmorillonite on maximum lysine were 64.1 mg/g and 49.3 mg/g; Maximum of modified montmorillonite lysine were 45.4 mg/g and 33.8 mg/g. Their adsorption of vitamin B2 in line with the Nernst model, namely the adsorption quantity related to the concentration of vitamin B2 in a straight line in the solution. Montmorillonite on the adsorption of lysine and vitamin B2 Sex of montmorillonite. When methionine content lower than 0.2%, they shall not adsorption methionine. Lysine, vitamin B2 after adsorption can be water desorption by them. After pH2.0 and adsorption pH8.0 environment, reoccupy pH8. O water desorption, montmorillonite surface desorption rate were 0.3% and 20.8% respectively of lysine modified montmorillonite desorption rate were 38.7% and 25.2% respectively; Montmorillonite adsorption vitamin B2 of the desorption rate is 79.3% and 44.6%, respectively, of modified montmorillonite desorption rate were 89.2% and 51.9% respectively. Modified montmorillonite on the adsorption of lysine and vitamin B2 montmorillonite, the montmorillonite and desorption rate is big, visible, montmorillonite writing appropriate modification can obtain better physical and chemical properties, application value. De-sheng qi (2003)
Adsorption, ion exchange properties of montmorillonite, the potential effects of mineral nutrition. Studies have confirmed that montmorillonite on Cu, Ca, P, zinc, Mn mineral nutrition has adsorption, but in the feed of goods, impact on the bioavailability of minerals remains to be demonstrated.
3, long-term presence of harm is added in the feed?
Montmorillonite non-corrosive, non-toxic, no stimulation to people and plants, also can't be absorbed in the body and use. Can use for a long time, will not be adverse impact on the body, there is no research conclusion.
4, to complex, purification, and the necessity of improvement?
Montmorillonite belongs to resource products, parts of content below 80% bentonite ore is common, but the content is more than 90% and heavy metal exceeds bid, christobalite not mine is very rare. Therefore, the montmorillonite ishihara ore to miscellaneous, purification treatment is particularly important.
In addition, the montmorillonite modified processing refers to the use of interlayer ion exchange principle, interlayer ion into Na + or organic ions, and the modified montmorillonite on the adsorption and desorption rate of ascending to a certain extent, but also can form chain structure.
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