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膨潤(rùn)土也叫斑脫巖或膨土巖,中國(guó)俗名稱觀音土，主要礦物成分是蒙脫石，含量在60%-90%不等，呈各種顏色如黃綠、黃白、灰、白色等等�？梢猿芍旅軌K狀，也可為松散的土狀，用手指搓磨時(shí)有滑感，小塊體加水后體積脹大，在水中呈懸浮狀，水少時(shí)呈糊狀。膨潤(rùn)土的一些性質(zhì)也都是由蒙脫石所決定的。膨潤(rùn)土名字來源是：1898年美國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)者Knighl在美國(guó)懷俄明州落基山河附近發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種綠黃色吸水膨脹的粘土物質(zhì)，由于產(chǎn)地為:“ Fort Beton ”，因而取名膨潤(rùn)土(Betonite)。而蒙脫石名字來源是因其最初發(fā)現(xiàn)于法國(guó)的蒙脫城而命名的，蒙脫石(montmorillonite)又名微晶高嶺石，是一種層狀結(jié)構(gòu)、片狀結(jié)晶的硅酸鹽粘土礦，其族系物有11種。我們現(xiàn)在通常所說的蒙脫石屬于蒙皂石(Smectite)族二八面體亞族，由二層共頂聯(lián)接的硅氧四面體片夾一層共棱聯(lián)接的鋁（鎂）氧（氫氧）八面體片構(gòu)成2:1型含結(jié)晶水結(jié)構(gòu)，是粘土類礦物中晶體結(jié)構(gòu)變異最強(qiáng)的礦物之一。
1中國(guó)膨潤(rùn)土現(xiàn)狀
1.1資源豐富
中國(guó)膨潤(rùn)土礦資源世界第一，預(yù)測(cè)資源量在70億t以上。主要是二八面體蒙脫石類，三八面體蒙皂石很少，僅新疆榆樹溝有過報(bào)道，但無產(chǎn)品。
從膨潤(rùn)土類種類來看，有鈣基膨潤(rùn)土，有鈉基膨潤(rùn)土，此外還有氫基、鋁基、鈉鈣基等膨潤(rùn)土。由于近年蒙脫石發(fā)展很快，又分有方英石礦和無方英石礦、重金屬高礦和重金屬低礦。
從膨潤(rùn)土礦分布來看，最多的為廣西，其次是新疆，依次有遼寧、浙江、內(nèi)蒙、河北、山東、湖北、安徽等。
目前，已形成產(chǎn)業(yè)的有：原礦、原礦粉，鐵礦球團(tuán)土、鉆探泥漿土、普通鑄造土、造紙、陶瓷、貓砂、干燥劑、活性白土、有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土、飼料蒙脫石等12大類。除有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土、飼料蒙脫石2類附加值高外，其他的都是低檔產(chǎn)品，其中活性白土因污染生產(chǎn)已受限。
膨潤(rùn)土主要加工仍是鈉化改型，常用輪碾機(jī)、螺桿擠出機(jī)等混碾、擠壓設(shè)備。打粉最常用的設(shè)備是雷蒙磨，其規(guī)格有3R、4R、5R等。另外，近年，陸續(xù)有企業(yè)上了幾套膨潤(rùn)土提純生產(chǎn)線，究其生產(chǎn)工藝，屬于水洗膨潤(rùn)土范疇。
近年來，我國(guó)雖沒改變?cè)V出口低檔運(yùn)作高檔進(jìn)口的局面，但在高檔產(chǎn)品上的開發(fā)已初見成效，一些進(jìn)口的產(chǎn)品也逐漸有了替代品，國(guó)外用戶也積極和國(guó)內(nèi)廠家聯(lián)合，新的產(chǎn)業(yè)逐漸露出水面，如洗滌劑、多彩涂料等。關(guān)鍵是我們要利用好我們的礦產(chǎn)資源，我們的礦產(chǎn)資源是稀缺的、寶貴的，雖說近年來原礦價(jià)格不斷攀升，但都屬開采成本造成的，并不是利潤(rùn)的增長(zhǎng)，要結(jié)束在市場(chǎng)價(jià)值很低的領(lǐng)域徘徊的歷史，要開發(fā)或引進(jìn)多個(gè)可以做得大項(xiàng)目，形成若干幾億乃至幾十億元的產(chǎn)業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)。這些都是必須的，可能的，也不是困難的。
1.2高新技術(shù)的匱乏
中國(guó)膨潤(rùn)土的高新技術(shù)是匱乏的。
首先，我們的高校就沒有關(guān)于膨潤(rùn)土的專業(yè)，目前從事膨潤(rùn)土的專家大多是搞地質(zhì)地礦勘探的，或化學(xué)分析測(cè)試的，對(duì)膨潤(rùn)土的類型判斷有余，搞精細(xì)化工開發(fā)就力不從心。沒有師承，靠工廠的自行摸索進(jìn)步總是太慢，這是技術(shù)匱乏的主要原因�，F(xiàn)在國(guó)家對(duì)新材料進(jìn)行扶持，膨潤(rùn)土就在其中，這是好事，但更有效的扶持應(yīng)該是教育，或是培訓(xùn)，有一大批基礎(chǔ)專業(yè)人才才是膨潤(rùn)土發(fā)展的基石。
其次，我們的科研院所對(duì)膨潤(rùn)土的技術(shù)儲(chǔ)備液很匱乏。
再者，我們膨潤(rùn)土企業(yè)的技術(shù)力量總體太薄。無法滿足市場(chǎng)的需要。膨潤(rùn)土企業(yè)主大多還停留在本地地主、修路挖出土、挖金不成挖出土的層面，做過可行的很少，做過性能試驗(yàn)的很少，做過市場(chǎng)分析的很少，互相低級(jí)模仿，最簡(jiǎn)單的企業(yè)就是：挖土方、晾曬，磨粉三步。
少數(shù)技術(shù)力量雄厚的企業(yè)，出于自身利益，技術(shù)保密，限制了技術(shù)交流。
1.3高新產(chǎn)品的匱乏
中國(guó)膨潤(rùn)土的高新產(chǎn)品是匱乏的。
高新產(chǎn)品不是按行業(yè)來分的，哪個(gè)行業(yè)都有高新產(chǎn)品。就目前已形成產(chǎn)業(yè)的鑄造土等產(chǎn)品，我們也都是其中低檔的。
大家都知道，鑄造業(yè)用膨潤(rùn)土是很便宜的，但好的鑄造土是很貴的，主要看指標(biāo)。如目前的精密鑄造土就比普通的鑄造業(yè)用膨潤(rùn)土貴好幾倍；還有進(jìn)口的鑄管用膨潤(rùn)土更是天價(jià)，我們還好意思說鑄造膨潤(rùn)土低檔嗎？精密鑄造土關(guān)鍵是強(qiáng)度，鑄管用膨潤(rùn)土關(guān)鍵是膨潤(rùn)指數(shù)，而這些指標(biāo)沒有高科技技術(shù)是達(dá)不到的。
說我們膨潤(rùn)土應(yīng)用目前已達(dá)24個(gè)領(lǐng)域，也是這個(gè)行業(yè)的最低檔。
所以，造紙，我們只能生產(chǎn)助留助濾劑，無法生產(chǎn)白水處理劑等高端產(chǎn)品；
所以，涂料，我們只能生產(chǎn)涂料增稠劑，卻無法生產(chǎn)水包水助劑；
所以，我們只能生產(chǎn)活性白土，卻無法生產(chǎn)無碳復(fù)印紙材料助劑；
所以，我們只能生產(chǎn)二聚酸催化劑，卻無法生產(chǎn)K10或KSF催化劑；
所以，我們只能生產(chǎn)鈉基膨潤(rùn)土，卻無法生產(chǎn)礦物凝膠；
所以，我們只能生產(chǎn)白色膨潤(rùn)土凝膠，卻無法生產(chǎn)化妝品膨潤(rùn)土；
因此說，開發(fā)高附加值的產(chǎn)品是當(dāng)務(wù)之急。大力開發(fā)附加值高的膨潤(rùn)土產(chǎn)品可獲得高附加值的回報(bào)，并避免資源浪費(fèi)。
2膨潤(rùn)土深加工的方向
無論是技術(shù)還是產(chǎn)品，我國(guó)膨潤(rùn)土和世界膨潤(rùn)土的差距很大，如不盡快趕上，將跟不上市場(chǎng)的需求。我國(guó)膨潤(rùn)土未來深加工的方向?qū)⒃诩兌�、工藝、產(chǎn)品及性能上下工夫。
2.1純度
膨潤(rùn)土只有純度達(dá)到一定程度才能充分體現(xiàn)其自身的優(yōu)異性能。
許多高檔膨潤(rùn)土產(chǎn)品都是很純很純的蒙脫石。前不久，我在網(wǎng)上看到一句廣告：好膨潤(rùn)土來自好蒙脫石。廣告的產(chǎn)品竟是：懸浮性好、分散性強(qiáng)造漿用膨潤(rùn)土。這說明純度對(duì)好的產(chǎn)品很重要。
研制膨潤(rùn)土高檔產(chǎn)品首先必須去掉雜質(zhì)，提高蒙脫石含量，蒙脫石純度通常是研制高檔產(chǎn)品的關(guān)鍵，提純方法難易程度直接關(guān)系到生產(chǎn)工藝流程和生產(chǎn)的可行性，無論是還是干法。
目前能被認(rèn)可的濕法提純方法是能夠在保持蒙脫石結(jié)構(gòu)不破壞的前提下來去除雜質(zhì)礦物，一般以水為介質(zhì)的物理提純法，這樣提純得到的產(chǎn)品不僅蒙脫石純度得到提高、顏色趨于純正，而且結(jié)構(gòu)式、層電荷密度也不會(huì)失真。被去除的雜質(zhì)礦物一般是伊利石、長(zhǎng)石、沸石、方解石、石英以及膠態(tài)二氧化硅、三氧化二鋁等。如果純度有特殊要求，還要去除方英石、高嶺土，重金屬等。
方英石在醫(yī)藥蒙脫石和飼料蒙脫石是受限的。
提純技術(shù)雖然是剛剛起步，但單從純度上來講，所屬技術(shù)已達(dá)一定水準(zhǔn)，產(chǎn)品可達(dá)出口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用技術(shù)還有差別，需要慢慢跟上。
近年，新疆、河北、遼寧、內(nèi)蒙、浙江、四川、湖北陸續(xù)上了膨潤(rùn)土提純生產(chǎn)線，將對(duì)改變膨潤(rùn)土的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)起到推進(jìn)作用。
2.2工藝
鈣基膨潤(rùn)土人工鈉化的流程一般為：鈣基土原礦→破碎→加入碳酸鈉(濕法還需加水)→混合擠壓→回轉(zhuǎn)爐干燥→碾磨→空氣分級(jí)→鈉基土產(chǎn)品。活性(酸性)
活性白土的加工流程一般為：膨潤(rùn)土→破碎→加入鹽酸或硫酸(濕法需加水和分散劑)→充分?jǐn)嚢琛旌蠑D壓→回轉(zhuǎn)爐干燥→加熱空氣粉磨→空氣分級(jí)→儲(chǔ)存。
有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土加工的一般流程為：原礦→粉碎→分散→改型(鈉化)→提純→加銨鹽覆蓋→漂洗→脫水→烘干→粉碎→包裝。
濕法提純加工主要工藝過程為：破碎----鈉化改型----制漿----沉降分離（離心、水旋）----脫水干燥。
無論鈉基膨潤(rùn)土鈉化加工工藝，還是活性白土、有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土等的加工工藝，都要進(jìn)行改進(jìn)和優(yōu)化。
復(fù)雜的工藝要簡(jiǎn)單化，簡(jiǎn)單的工藝要復(fù)雜化，這是工藝的要義。
鈉基膨潤(rùn)土不僅要質(zhì)量好，還有穩(wěn)定，均質(zhì)技術(shù)是核心。
活性白土要向低污染和綜合利用發(fā)展。
有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土要向功能化發(fā)展。李強(qiáng)發(fā)明的用于聚氨酯蒙脫土納米復(fù)合材料制備的一種全新的聚氨酯專用納米交聯(lián)劑：MM T215Q，就是一種有機(jī)蒙脫土，但其合成工藝和通常的有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土的工藝是相異的，但納米交聯(lián)作用十分明顯，這就是工藝的貢獻(xiàn)。
蒙脫石要向純凈化綠色化發(fā)展。不要是因?yàn)闆]有技術(shù)或?yàn)榱颂岣呒兌榷鴮⒈緛硎羌兲烊坏牡V物質(zhì)加工成化學(xué)品。
2.3產(chǎn)品及性能
蒙脫石、有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土、無機(jī)凝膠、催化劑等應(yīng)該是大力開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品，不僅要增加品種，還有提高性能。
蒙脫石要向醫(yī)藥混懸液、介孔蒙脫石、接枝蒙脫石、柱撐蒙脫石、載離子蒙脫石等功能性蒙脫石方向發(fā)展。
蒙脫石在醫(yī)藥上的應(yīng)用要加強(qiáng)。除止瀉藥外，其他的也可做大，治療感冒、鼻炎、痛風(fēng)等都是有效的。另外，作為農(nóng)藥伴侶（1噸農(nóng)藥要2-3公斤蒙脫石以防誤食搶救）可以提到日程上來。
有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土已是一個(gè)大產(chǎn)業(yè)。今后要花大力氣開發(fā)水溶性有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土、有機(jī)蒙脫土、橡塑納米阻燃劑等。插層只是一個(gè)階段的技術(shù)，非插層、非季胺鹽性有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土也應(yīng)研發(fā)，特別是有一定數(shù)量的“錨定點(diǎn)”的有機(jī)化，納米化的效果更優(yōu)。另季胺鹽性有機(jī)膨潤(rùn)土不可以用于飼料養(yǎng)殖，有毒有害。
蒙脫石或膨潤(rùn)土催化劑在脫硝上很成功，應(yīng)向K10或KSF催化劑方向發(fā)展。蒙脫石的層間結(jié)構(gòu)是優(yōu)良的催化劑本體或載體。
無機(jī)凝膠是最有商業(yè)用途的無機(jī)高分子類增稠劑，目前應(yīng)用極廣，用量也大。國(guó)際上的一些經(jīng)銷商也在國(guó)內(nèi)積極尋找生產(chǎn)廠家合作，無論是類似維格姆（Veegum）凝膠，還是類似洛克伍德的產(chǎn)品，都很有市場(chǎng)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)產(chǎn)品離原礦最近。當(dāng)然。這種無機(jī)凝膠不應(yīng)該是蒙脫石和ＣＭＣ等有機(jī)物的混合物。
還有定時(shí)沉降的酒類澄清劑、高強(qiáng)度精密鑄造土、高膨脹低燒蝕鑄管用膨潤(rùn)土等等，都應(yīng)該是大力開發(fā)的產(chǎn)品。
未來的產(chǎn)品更強(qiáng)調(diào)性能，強(qiáng)調(diào)品質(zhì)。
3蒙脫石在膨潤(rùn)土產(chǎn)業(yè)中的地位
蒙脫石是組成膨潤(rùn)土的主要成分，但膨潤(rùn)土不是蒙脫石。近年，隨著蒙脫石研發(fā)的快速發(fā)展，工業(yè)化產(chǎn)品蒙脫石純度已突破95%大關(guān)，蒙脫石已超出膨潤(rùn)土范疇作為獨(dú)立的品種應(yīng)用在精細(xì)化工、醫(yī)藥、日用化妝品等高科技領(lǐng)域。
蒙脫石是天然的層狀硅酸鹽納米材料，每層厚度僅1 nm，顆粒細(xì)小，比表面積巨大，每立方毫米(半個(gè)米粒)能容納三千億個(gè)顆粒，每克粉劑就能覆蓋110平米的籃球場(chǎng)大小。這是蒙脫石特點(diǎn)之一，層與層之間可以滑動(dòng)打開、延展，層與層之間并不散亂分離，從而形成連續(xù)保護(hù)膜，無死角，無漏洞。
蒙脫石層間帶負(fù)電，使得蒙脫石具有強(qiáng)大的靜電吸附能力，可吸附固定抑制多種有害雜質(zhì)。脫霉止瀉就是利用這個(gè)原理。
蒙脫石將是膨潤(rùn)土的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。
蒙脫石已廣泛地應(yīng)用于醫(yī)藥、飼料、獸藥、養(yǎng)殖、催化劑、化妝品、核廢料處理等領(lǐng)域，如止瀉、脫霉脫菌、凈化水質(zhì)、止血消炎、抵抗應(yīng)激、催化脫色脫硝、美容美膚、納米插層、柱撐介孔等。產(chǎn)品是按蒙脫石的作用和性能開發(fā)的：
治療腹瀉，保護(hù)胃腸粘膜的作用——止瀉藥；
吸附和脫除霉菌毒素的作用——脫霉劑；
凝血止血的作用——止血?jiǎng)?/span>
抗應(yīng)激性的作用——抗應(yīng)激添加劑；
干燥體表的作用——爽身粉；
吸附氨氣，凈化環(huán)境的作用——飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境改善劑；
凈化水質(zhì)，降低有毒物質(zhì)危害——水質(zhì)改善劑；
核廢料處理劑——核工業(yè)的保護(hù)神；
高級(jí)催化劑——K10、ＫＳＦ、脫硝催化劑；
高懸浮高觸變——高級(jí)無機(jī)凝膠、流變劑、增稠劑；
礦物飲料——白土奶；
化妝品——面膜，霜膏；化妝品加入蒙脫石可去污、解毒、止癢、美容、保濕，還可減少相應(yīng)有機(jī)膠的用量，減輕了有機(jī)膠對(duì)人體皮膚的刺激和環(huán)境污染。
納米阻燃劑——蒙脫土，最新的阻燃劑；
此外，蒙脫石在治療痛風(fēng)、感冒、鼻炎、中耳炎上的臨床也很成功。
蒙脫石在藥用、養(yǎng)殖飼料、精細(xì)化工（涂料催化劑無機(jī)凝膠等）已初具規(guī)模，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也激烈。因此中國(guó)蒙脫石的市場(chǎng)很亂，用膨潤(rùn)土代替蒙脫石太多了，價(jià)格相差幾十倍的都有。
中國(guó)蒙脫石市場(chǎng)消費(fèi)規(guī)模及需求潛力有多大？這是個(gè)沒人能說得清抑或不肯說的，但市場(chǎng)大卻是心知肚明的，畜牧業(yè)的腹瀉問題和飼料的霉菌毒素問題，光這二項(xiàng)就需要大量的蒙脫石，這還不包括奶牛用的剛需，牛奶的質(zhì)量是硬指標(biāo)。
蒙脫石進(jìn)入飼料目錄，歸屬“天然礦物質(zhì)”。特征描述為“由顆粒極細(xì)的水合鋁硅酸鹽構(gòu)成的礦物，一般為塊狀或土狀。蒙脫石是膨潤(rùn)土的功能成分，需要從膨潤(rùn)土中提純獲得�！睆�(qiáng)制性標(biāo)識(shí)要求“吸藍(lán)量、吸氨值、水分”。
先說強(qiáng)制性標(biāo)識(shí)，吸藍(lán)量本是膨潤(rùn)土的主要指標(biāo)；吸氨值本是沸石的主要指標(biāo)；水分本是通用的主要指標(biāo)。其實(shí)，沒一個(gè)是真正的蒙脫石指標(biāo)。
倒是特征描述要求“需要從膨潤(rùn)土中提純獲得”，但怎么提純卻沒詳細(xì)解釋，是濕法提純？還是干法提純？提純的程度如何？一片空白。
所以，目前蒙脫石市場(chǎng)現(xiàn)狀混亂不堪，質(zhì)量良莠不齊，價(jià)格混亂。膨潤(rùn)土冒充蒙脫石的現(xiàn)象還很多，含方英石的產(chǎn)品還在大量使用，重金屬超標(biāo)的產(chǎn)品還在大量使用，沒有礦山的說有礦山，沒有生產(chǎn)線的說有生產(chǎn)線，沒有改性的說已改性。
目前，國(guó)內(nèi)有50多家號(hào)稱自己能生產(chǎn)銷售蒙脫石，急需整頓。
這種混亂，主要表現(xiàn)在用于飼料脫霉劑的蒙脫石，因?yàn)槟壳皼]有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。用XRD和用吸藍(lán)量解釋自己產(chǎn)品含量的都存在，必定造成產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不統(tǒng)一。
行業(yè)呼喚有用的飼料蒙脫石的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出臺(tái)，約束蒙脫石產(chǎn)品，提高蒙脫石質(zhì)量。
建議蒙脫石含量用X-衍射儀法，或采用吸藍(lán)量，但要提供XRD-吸藍(lán)量對(duì)著曲線。吸蘭量法是一種相對(duì)的半定量判斷法，不能判定礦中其它共生礦的種類與含量，也不能判定礦是高層電類型，還是其它類型。其最大的問題是測(cè)試含方英石高的礦誤差很大，因方英石也具有吸附功能，測(cè)定值偏高。
建議對(duì)蒙脫石中的方英石含量進(jìn)行限制，方英石是一種有害物。
建議對(duì)蒙脫石的顏色進(jìn)行一定的限制。不強(qiáng)調(diào)白色，但也不要大紅大綠大黑，太邊緣的顏色會(huì)影響飼料的外觀。
5結(jié)論
（1）中國(guó)膨潤(rùn)土現(xiàn)狀是資源豐富，但加工能力差，高新技術(shù)和高新產(chǎn)品是匱乏的。
（2）我國(guó)膨潤(rùn)土未來深加工的方向?qū)⒃诩兌取⒐に�、產(chǎn)品及性能上下工夫。
（3）蒙脫石將是膨潤(rùn)土的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。優(yōu)質(zhì)的蒙脫石生產(chǎn)前提是：要有合適的、穩(wěn)定的礦源；要有先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)工藝；要有自己的濕法生產(chǎn)線。
The English version
Bentonite is also called spot to take off the rock or bentonite, China is the common name GuanYinTu, main mineral composition is montmorillonite, content ranging from 60% to 90%, in a variety of color such as yellow, green, yellow, grey, white and so on. Can into dense clumps, can also be used for the loose soil, you have slippery feeling by hand grinding, small block after adding water swelling volume, are suspended in the water, the water when the paste. Some properties of bentonite are also determined by the montmorillonite. Bentonite name source is: in 1898, the United States geological scholars Knighl Wyoming in the United States near the Rocky Mountains and found a green water absorption swelling clay material, because the source is: "the Fort Beton", thus named bentonite (Betonite). And montmorillonite name is due to its original source named after the city of montmorillonite and found in France, montmorillonite (montmorillonite) and montmorillonite, is a kind of layered silicate clay structure, flaky crystal, kalama department has 11 types. We now commonly referred to as montmorillonite (28 sides Smectite) belongs to the Smectite subtribe, by the second top connection of the silicon oxygen tetrahedron slice of a common edge connection layer of aluminum, magnesium) oxygen (hydrogen) octahedral 2:1 type containing water of crystallization structure, in clay minerals is one of the strongest mineral crystal structure variation.
1 the current situation of bentonite
1.1 rich in resources
China bentonite ore resource in the world, forecasts the resources above 7 billion t. Body and surface montmorillonite, 38 sides smectite rarely, only the elm ditch in xinjiang have been reported, but no product.
From the point of such kinds of bentonite, calcium base bentonite, sodium base bentonite, in addition to hydrogen and aluminum, such as sodium calcium base bentonite. Due to the fast development in recent years, montmorillonite and points with and without square square stone quarries, heavy metal mine high and low heavy metal ore.
From the point of bentonite ore distribution, most of guangxi, the second is xinjiang, in liaoning, zhejiang, Inner Mongolia, hebei, shandong, hubei, anhui, etc.
At present, has formed industry are: the run of mine ore, the original mineral powder, iron ore pellets, drilling mud soil, the common casting soil, paper making, ceramics, cat litter, desiccant, activated clay, bentonite, organic montmorillonite feed such as 12 categories. In addition to organic bentonite, feed montmorillonite 2 kind of high added value, the other is cheap products, production of activated clay by pollution has been limited.
Sodium bentonite main processing is still the retrofit of common wheel mill and screw extruder mixed grinding, extrusion equipment. Powder is the most commonly used equipment Raymond mill, its specifications are 3 r, 4 r and 5 r, etc. In addition, in recent years, companies with several sets of purification of bentonite on the production line, investigate its production process, belong to the category of water of bentonite.
In recent years, our country did not change the high-grade imported ore exports cheap works, but in the development of high-grade products have already produced results, some imported products also gradually had a substitute, foreign users is positive and domestic manufacturer association, new industries have emerged, such as detergent, colorful coating, etc. The key is we want to make good use of our mineral resources, our mineral resources are scarce and precious, although undressed ore prices rising in recent years, mining costs, but are not profit growth, to end in the field of market value is very low in the face of the history, to develop or introduce more can do big project and formed several hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars in the industry. These are necessary, possible, also is not difficult.
1.2 the lack of high and new technology
China's high technology and new technology is the lack of bentonite.
First of all, our colleges and universities, there is no professional about bentonite, currently engaged in bentonite experts are mostly make geological mining exploration, or chemical analysis testing, assessment of the type of the bentonite, fine chemical industry development is not. No shicheng, by the factory to grope for progress is too slow, this is the main reason for the lack of technology. Now countries to support of new materials, bentonite is in it, that's a good thing, but more effective support should be education, or training, have a large number of basic professional talent is the cornerstone of the development of bentonite.
Secondly, we research institutes of bentonite technology reserve liquid is very scarce.
Moreover, our bentonite enterprise overall technical strength is too thin. Unable to meet the needs of the market. Bentonite is most business owners at the local landlord, building roads, dig, dig Jin Bucheng dig unearthed unearthed level feasible rarely, rarely done performance testing, rarely do market analysis, low-level imitate each other, the most simple enterprise is: excavation, drying, milling steps.
The minority enterprise technical force is abundant, out of self-interest, the technical secret, limit the technical exchanges.
1.3 the lack of high-tech products
China is the lack of bentonite high-tech products.
High-tech products are not according to the industry to points, which industry has a high and new products. At present has formed industry casting products such as soil, we also is low.
Everyone knows that the casting industry with bentonite is very cheap, but good casting soil is very expensive, basically see indicators. Such as the current precision casting is more expensive than ordinary casting industry with bentonite for several times. And imported pipes with bentonite is more expensive, we can not bashful say casting bentonite cheap? Precision casting strength of soil is the key, pipes with bentonite, the key is swelling index and these index technology is not unattainable.
Say we application of bentonite is now up to 24, is also one of the industry's most cheap.
So, paper making, we can only produce retention and filtration aid, not production of high-end products of water treatment agent;
So, coating, we can only produce coatings thickener, failed to produce water bag water additives;
So, we can only produce activated clay, no production of carbonless copy paper materials, additives;
So, we can only produce dimer acid catalyst, but can't produce k10/19 dated or KSF catalyst;
So, we can only produce sodium base bentonite, cannot produce mineral gel;
So, we can only produce white bentonite gel, but can't produce cosmetics bentonite;
Therefore, to develop high value-added products is a priority. Vigorously develop high value-added of the bentonite products can obtain high value-added returns, and to avoid waste of resources.
2 the direction of the bentonite processing
Both technology and products, there is a big gap between bentonite bentonite and the world, such as not to catch up as soon as possible, keep pace with the demand of the market. The direction of the deep processing of bentonite in China in the future will fluctuate in purity, technology, products and performance.
2.1 purity
Bentonite can only be fully embodies purity reaches a certain degree of its excellent performance.
Many top grade bentonite products are very pure very pure montmorillonite. Recently, I saw an AD on the Internet: good bentonite from montmorillonite. Good advertising products are: suspension, dispersion mud making use of bentonite. This shows that it is important for a good product purity.
Development of bentonite high-grade products must first remove the impurities, improve the content of montmorillonite, the montmorillonite purity is usually the key to the development of high-grade products, degree of purification methods is directly related to production process and production feasibility, whether it is dry.
Currently approved to wet purification method is able to keep the structure of montmorillonite is not damage down to remove impurity minerals, the premise of physical purification method of general with water as medium, the purified product purity montmorillonite was improved, not only colors tend to be pure, and procedural, layer charge density also not distortion. By removing the impurity minerals are generally illite, feldspar, zeolite, calcite, quartz and colloidal silicon dioxide, 3 oxidation 2 aluminium, etc. If you have any special requirements, the purity and remove christobalite, kaolin, heavy metals, etc.
Christobalite in pharmaceutical montmorillonite and feed montmorillonite is limited.
Purification technology is just beginning, but single for purity, its technology has reached a certain level, the product can be up to export standards. But product application technology and difference, need to slowly to catch up with.
In recent years, xinjiang, hebei, liaoning, Inner Mongolia, zhejiang, sichuan, hubei, the purification of bentonite production line, will be to change the products structure of bentonite propulsion.
2.2 process
The process of artificial sodium calcium base bentonite is commonly: calcium base soil ore - crushing - adding sodium carbonate (wet method still need to add water) to blend extrusion to rotary kiln drying, grinding, air classification - > sodium based products. Activity (acid)
Activated clay processing process is commonly: bentonite - crushing - adding hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid (wet need add water and dispersant) to fully mixing, mixing extrusion to rotary kiln drying, heating air grinding - classification and storage.
The general process for: organic bentonite processing undressed ore - crushing - scattered to retrofit to purification, and ammonium salt (sodium) cover to rinse to dehydration, drying, crushing and packing.
Wet purification processing main process is: broken - natrium retrofit, pulping, sedimentation separation (centrifugal, water) - dehydration.
Whether sodium sodium base bentonite processing technology, or activated clay, organic bentonite, such as processing technology, improvement and optimization.
To simplify complex technology, simple process to complicate, which is the core of technology.
Sodium base bentonite not only of good quality and stable, homogeneous technology is the core.
Activated clay to comprehensive utilization of low pollution and development.
Organic bentonite to functional development. Invented by Dr. Lee for preparation of polyurethane montmorillonite nanocomposites are a new kind of polyurethane special crosslinking agent: MM T215Q, is a kind of organic montmorillonite, but the synthesis process and the general process of organic bentonite is dissimilar, but nano crosslinking effect obviously, this is the contribution of technology.
Montmorillonite to purity green development. Don't because they are not technology or in order to improve the purity and was pure natural mineral processing into chemicals.
2.3 products and performance
Montmorillonite, organic bentonite, inorganic gel, catalyst, etc should be vigorously developed product, not only to increase the varieties, and improve the performance.
To pharmaceutical montmorillonite suspension liquid, medium Kong Meng stone, grafting montmorillonite, the column brace montmorillonite, ionic montmorillonite functional montmorillonite direction.
Application of montmorillonite in medicine should be strengthened. In addition to the antidiarrheal, other also can do big, colds, rhinitis, such as gout is effective. In addition, as a pesticide partner (1 ton to 2-3 kg pesticides montmorillonite) in case of ingestion of rescue can mention agenda.
Organic bentonite is a big industry. In the future to spend big strength development of water-soluble organic bentonite, organic montmorillonite, xiangsu nano flame retardants, etc. Inserted layer is just a phase of the technology, the intercalation, non quaternary ammonium salt organic bentonite should also research and development, in particular, there are a number of "anchor point" of the organic, nano effect is better. The quaternary ammonium salt organic bentonite can be used to feed farmed, not poisonous and harmful.
Montmorillonite or bentonite on the denitration catalyst is very successful, should be to develop in the direction of k10/19 dated or KSF catalyst. Montmorillonite interlayer structure is a good catalyst or carrier of ontology.
Inorganic gel is the most commercial use of inorganic polymer thickener, the current application, dosage is big also. Some international distributors are also actively seeking domestic manufacturers cooperation, whether it is similar to d graham (Veegum) gel, or similar lockwood products, have a good market and competitiveness, because Chinese products from the run of mine ore recently. Of course. This kind of inorganic gel should not be a mixture of montmorillonite and CMC and other organic matter.
And timing of the alcohol sedimentation clarifying agent, high strength, high precision casting soil expansion fever corrosion pipes with bentonite, etc., should be vigorously developed product.
Future products more emphasis on performance, emphasizing the quality.
3 the status of montmorillonite in the bentonite industry
Montmorillonite is the main ingredient of bentonite, but not bentonite montmorillonite. In recent years, with the rapid development of the research and development of montmorillonite, industrialization has crossed the 95% mark product purity montmorillonite, montmorillonite has been beyond bentonite as separate species used in fine chemical industry, medicine, daily cosmetics and other high-tech fields.
Montmorillonite is a natural phyllosilicates nanometer materials, thickness of each layer is only 1 nm, tiny particles, large specific surface area, per cubic millimeter (half a grain of rice), which can accommodate three hundred billion particles, powder can cover 110 square meters per gram size of a basketball court. This is one of the characteristics of montmorillonite, between layer and layer can slide open, extension, not messy separation between layer and layer, forming a continuous protective film, no dead Angle, no holes.
Montmorillonite interlayer negatively charged that montmorillonite has strong electrostatic adsorption ability, can restrain the adsorption fixed a variety of harmful impurities. Take off the mould is to use the principle of diarrhoea.
Montmorillonite is a pillar industry of bentonite.
Montmorillonite has been widely used in medicine, feed, cosmetics, veterinary medicine, aquaculture, catalyst, waste treatment and other fields, such as antidiarrheal, mildew fungus, purify water quality, hemostatic diminish inflammation, resist stress, catalytic decolorization denitration, beauty skin, nano intercalation, pillar mesoporous etc. Product is according to the function and performance of montmorillonite development:
Treatment of diarrhea, protect the gastric mucosa, antidiarrheal;
Adsorption and removal effect of mycotoxin, mildew agent;
The function of blood coagulation hemostasis, hemostatic agent;
The role of stress resistance, anti-stress additive;
The role of dry surface - powder;
Adsorption ammonia, purifying environment, raising environmental improvement;
Purifying water quality, reduce the toxic hazards, water quality improvement;
Nuclear waste treatment, the patron saint of the nuclear industry;
Senior catalyst - k10/19 dated, KSF, denitration catalyst;
Senior high suspended high thixotropic, inorganic gel, rheological agent and thickener;
Mineral drinks milk - clay;
Cosmetics, facial mask, cream paste; Cosmetics to join montmorillonite can decontamination, detoxification, relieving itching, beauty, moisturizing, still can reduce the dosage of the organic gel accordingly, reduce the organic adhesive stimulus to human skin and environmental pollution.
Nano flame retardants, montmorillonite, the latest fire retardants;
In addition, montmorillonite in the treatment of gout, colds, rhinitis, otitis media on clinical is also very successful.
Montmorillonite in the medicinal, aquaculture feed, fine chemical (inorganic gel coating catalyst, etc.) has begun to take shape, the competition is fierce. So China montmorillonite market is a mess, substitute bentonite for montmorillonite too much, the price difference for dozens of times.
China montmorillonite market consumption scale and the potential demand have how old? This is a no one to be told or not willing to say, but the market is aware, animal husbandry of diarrhea and feed mycotoxins, the binomial light requires a large number of montmorillonite, that doesn't include cows with just need, the quality of the milk is tough.
Montmorillonite into feed directory, belong to "natural minerals. Features described as "composed of very fine particles of hydrated aluminum silicate minerals, general to block or earthy. Montmorillonite is the functional component of bentonite, need purification obtained from bentonite." Mandatory identification requirements "blue uptake, ammonia absorption value, water".
Say first mandatory identification, blue absorption quantity of bentonite main indicators; This is the main index in the zeolite ammonia absorption value; Water is the main index in the general. As a matter of fact, it's not a real montmorillonite indicators.
's characteristics described "need from bentonite in purification", but didn't explain in detail how to purification, is wet purification? Or dry purification? The degree of purification? A blank.
Therefore, the present status of the montmorillonite market chaos, the quality of the good and bad are intermingled, price confusion. Bentonite as the phenomenon of montmorillonite also many, including christobalite products is still in use in great quantities, heavy metal exceeds bid product in a large number of use, also not mine said mine, said there is no production line production line, no modification of the said has been modified.
At present, the domestic has more than 50 claim to production and sales of montmorillonite, be badly in need of overhaul.
This kind of confusion, mainly used in feed mildew agent of montmorillonite, because there is no unified standard. Using XRD and blue uptake explain the content of their products have, must cause the quality of the products.
Industry call useful feed montmorillonite standard come on stage, the constraint montmorillonite products, improve the quality of montmorillonite.
Suggested that montmorillonite content by using the X-ray diffraction method, or use blue uptake, but should provide XRD - blue uptake on the curve. LAN uptake method is a kind of relative semi-quantitative judgment method, can't judge other GongShengKuang kinds and content in the ore, also cannot determine the ore is high electric type, or other types. The biggest problem is to test ore containing cristobalite high error is very big, because christobalite also has the function of adsorption, measurements on the high side.
Recommendations to limit of cristobalite content of montmorillonite, christobalite is a kind of pests.
Suggestions on the color of the montmorillonite certain restrictions. Are not white, but also not gaudy big black, so the edge of the color will affect the appearance of the feed.
5 conclusion
(1) the current situation of bentonite is rich in resources, but the processing ability is poor, high and new technology and new products are scarce.
(2) the bentonite deep processing in the direction of the future will be fluctuate, process, product purity and performance.
(3) montmorillonite will be the pillar industry of bentonite. Quality of montmorillonite production premise is: there should be suitable and stable source; To have advanced production technology; Have their own wet production line.
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