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霉菌毒素在過(guò)去常被稱(chēng)為“隱形殺手”，給養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)造成巨大的危害。經(jīng)過(guò)30年的數(shù)據(jù)收集和科學(xué)研究，今天我們終于可以用數(shù)據(jù)形式來(lái)表示霉菌毒素造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。目前人們除了對(duì)毒素的作用機(jī)理有了更深入地認(rèn)識(shí)，還研究出有效的預(yù)防程序。
霉菌毒素可作用于豬生產(chǎn)的任何環(huán)節(jié)，包括配種。霉菌毒素中毒分為大劑量的急性中毒、小劑量的慢性中毒，臨床癥狀表現(xiàn)為：采食量降低;腸道結(jié)構(gòu)、功能紊亂;內(nèi)臟損傷;內(nèi)分泌信號(hào)中斷，免疫系統(tǒng)更改;抑制免疫功能、抵抗力下降、反復(fù)感染、疫苗接種失敗等。
這些危害發(fā)生程度取決于毒素的劑量、種類(lèi)，及豬的年齡、健康狀況。另外需注意霉菌毒素的協(xié)同作用，多種霉菌毒素混合可帶來(lái)更大的危害，需采取更好的預(yù)防程序。
所以，養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)者對(duì)霉菌毒素始終保持一種警覺(jué)狀態(tài)，各種預(yù)防措施都在使用中。如干燥谷物使其含水量為14%以下，避免使用污染率高的破損的飼料顆粒，投入更多的成本用于原料存放管理，做好生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的清潔工作等，這些措施都有效，但在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中貫徹執(zhí)行力度有限。
用數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)衡量霉菌毒素的危害
為了用數(shù)據(jù)表明這些預(yù)防措施的效益，國(guó)際豬管理咨詢(xún)公司的John Gadd 專(zhuān)家向客戶(hù)收集了大量的資料，包括上世紀(jì)九十年代出現(xiàn)的吸附劑的數(shù)據(jù)。
John Gadd共收集了1995-2003年間的美國(guó)不同豬場(chǎng)的74份數(shù)據(jù)，將評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)定為額外消費(fèi)回報(bào)(Return on Extra Outlay，REOs)。雖然REOs為其它行業(yè)的專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，但也適用此。REO比為成本：收益。在此，成本是指沒(méi)有采取任何預(yù)防措施，霉菌毒素所造成的養(yǎng)殖成本增加費(fèi)用;收益是指采用霉菌毒素預(yù)防措施后，所降低的養(yǎng)殖成本。顯然，REO比越大，說(shuō)明預(yù)防措施所產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果越大。
具體結(jié)果：
1、保育豬：使用吸附劑的豬場(chǎng)，REO為16:1。這些豬場(chǎng)育肥豬出欄重為預(yù)期的三倍。
2、生長(zhǎng)肥育豬：35-107kg肉豬REO比為5:1至7:1。
3、后備母豬：霉菌毒素可導(dǎo)致后備母豬發(fā)情推遲，浪費(fèi)飼料，增加生產(chǎn)成本。而在后備母豬日糧中添加霉菌毒素吸附菌養(yǎng)殖成本會(huì)增2.3%。結(jié)合調(diào)查的添加吸附劑的收益，最終REO比為3.2:1。
4、經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬：毒素造成的經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬飼養(yǎng)成本提高30%-74%，REO比為 5.8:1 至14.4:1。
霉菌毒素造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失可以用“風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相同數(shù)量”來(lái)統(tǒng)計(jì)。該數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源于16篇已發(fā)表科學(xué)論文，1503頭保育豬。發(fā)現(xiàn)當(dāng)保育豬受到與100ppb的黃曲霉毒素B1相當(dāng)?shù)拿咕舅馗腥緯r(shí)，每天體重增加減少40.3g，飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率提高3個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。也即相當(dāng)于40天保育期內(nèi)每頭仔豬體重?fù)p失1.6kg，推遲出欄3.2天。
另外，來(lái)源于生長(zhǎng)肥育豬的數(shù)據(jù)(15篇發(fā)表論文，共1050頭生長(zhǎng)肥育豬)顯示，同樣數(shù)量的毒素感染時(shí)，可導(dǎo)致生長(zhǎng)豬每天體重增加損失38.7g，飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率提高3個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。也即相當(dāng)于140天生長(zhǎng)育肥期內(nèi)每頭肉豬體重?fù)p失4kg，推遲出欄7天。或者相當(dāng)于每頭肉豬損失
The English version
Mycotoxins in the past often referred to as "invisible killer", huge damage to the pig production. After 30 years of data collection and scientific research, today we finally can be represented in the form of a data mycotoxin caused economic losses. Now people in addition to the function mechanism of toxin has a more in-depth understanding, also study the effective prevention programs.
Mycotoxin can be applied to any link in pig production, including hybrids. Mold toxin poisoning is divided into large doses of acute poisoning, chronic poisoning, small doses of clinical symptoms: feed intake; Intestinal structure and function disorder; Visceral injury; Endocrine signal interruption, the immune system changes; Suppress the immune function, decreased resistance, repeated infection, vaccination failure, etc.
These toxins harm occurs depends on the dosage, species, and the pig's age, health status. Also need to pay attention to the synergy of mycotoxin, a variety of mycotoxin mixture can bring greater harm, take better prevention program.
Producers of mycotoxin, therefore, always maintain a state of alert, all sorts of preventive measures are in use. Such as dry grains make its moisture content is below 14%, avoid contamination of high rate of broken feed particles, spend more cost for raw material storage management, to do a good job of cleaning production equipment, etc., these measures are effective, but in the actual production to carry out strength is limited.
Use data to measure the hazard of mycotoxins
In order to use the data show that the benefits of the preventive measures, the pig management consulting company's John likelihood experts collected a large amount of data to the customer, including the data of the 1990 s adsorbent.
John likelihood were collected from 1995 to 2003 of the 74 data of different pig farms in the United States, the evaluation index as the additional consumer Return (Return on Extra Outlay, REOs). Although REOs as other industries of professional terms, but also apply here. REO ratio of costs, benefits. The cost is not to take any preventive measures, mycotoxin production cost caused by the increased costs; Income refers to the mycotoxin after preventive measures, reduce the production cost. Obviously, the bigger the REO than that the greater the economic effect produced by preventive measures.
The results in detail:
1, the conservation of pig: using adsorbent pig farms, REO for now. The pig pig are three times as heavy as expected.
2, the growth of pigs: 35-107 - kg pigs REO ratio of 5:1 to 7:1.
3, the gilt: mycotoxin delay may lead to the gilt rut, waste feed, increase the cost of production. Added in the diet with in the gilt mycotoxin adsorption bacteria breeding cost will increase 2.3%. The revenue of combining with the investigation of adding adsorbent REO ratio was 3.2:1.
4, multiparity sows: toxin multiparity sows caused by keeping costs increased by 30% - 74%, REO ratio was 5.8:1 to 14.4:1.
Mycotoxin economic losses caused by the "risk can be used the same number" to statistics. The data from 16 published scientific papers, 1503 conservation pig. Found when conservation pigs is 100 PPB aflatoxin B1 of mycotoxin infection, reduce 40.3 g daily weight gain, feed conversion rate increased by 3%. Is equivalent to 40 days conservation period each piglet weight loss of 1.6 kg, postpone such 3.2 days.
In addition, from the data of fattening pig growth (15 published papers, a total of 1050 growth fattening pig), according to the same amount of toxin infection, which can lead to growth of pig daily gain weight loss of 38.7 g, feed conversion rate increased by 3%. Is equivalent to 140 days growth per head of pigs were fattening period 4 kg weight loss, delay such 7 days. Or the equivalent of each head loss of pigs
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