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一、脫霉劑只有概念沒有標準
1、脫霉劑沒有標準可以衡量：霉菌毒素吸附率的測量一直是個世界難題，跟飼料中的能量的檢測一樣存在著無比的困難。而且也存在著很多無法回避的疑問，如體外吸附和體內(nèi)吸附有可比性嗎?吸附營養(yǎng)?等等。至今無論歐盟、美國和中國都沒有正式的霉菌毒素吸附標準，也沒有將脫霉劑正式列入添加劑名單中。
2、脫霉劑還處于概念階段：業(yè)界都認識到了霉菌毒素的危害，也知道有些添加劑材料對其有一定的吸附率，但究竟吸附率多少，還是很成問題，各國均無定論、無標準。很多言之鑿鑿的所謂吸附率，多數(shù)是廠家的一面之詞，有夸大其產(chǎn)品功效的嫌疑。
3、脫霉劑作用有限，根本在原料把關：正規(guī)的幾種添加劑材料可以起到一定的吸附作用。但如果飼料發(fā)霉嚴重，希望通過脫霉劑來走捷徑解決，根本不可能，尤其是非極性毒素。最終對飼料原料的把關才是控制霉菌毒素的根本和關鍵。
二、市面脫霉劑非�；靵y而且假冒偽劣很多
市面銷售以國外品牌為主。早期對霉菌毒素的認識，得益于國外品牌的引導和推廣，從而使很多國外品牌深入人心�，F(xiàn)在市面上幾乎什么國家都有，價格從每公斤10元到100元都有，甚至還有幾塊錢的，讓廣大消費者摸不著頭腦，辯不清好壞。
“假冒”的產(chǎn)品很多。像“霉XX”這個產(chǎn)品，市面上五花八門，價格高低不一，但90%是假冒產(chǎn)品，印上一樣的包裝，卻由全國各地的不法商販生產(chǎn)，賣到全國各地。
另外一個現(xiàn)象就是，很多公司申請了一個國外產(chǎn)品的批號(外飼準字，5年有效)，進上一兩噸貨。然后就用這個批號自己生產(chǎn)，質(zhì)量就很難得到保障。更多的是，直接盯上連國外的品牌都是捕風捉影，批準文號質(zhì)量標準等編造一個，直接印上國外風格的包裝袋，裝上幾毛1斤的膨潤土就賣。
三、外飼準字的秘密
國外飼料和添加劑的進口要提前辦一個批準文號，這就是“外飼準字”，但辦理后，至于是否進口，或進口多少，農(nóng)業(yè)部就不得而知了。而海關只對進出口海關的貨物管理，至于市場銷售的進口產(chǎn)品管不了。這就形成了一個“鉆空子”產(chǎn)業(yè)，辦一個真的“外飼準字”，后冒名自己生產(chǎn)，這樣就省去辦理“生產(chǎn)許可證”“產(chǎn)品批準文號”等一大堆麻煩，基本可避免抽查和承擔質(zhì)量責任。
四、為什么有那么多的假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品?
主觀原因在于我們消費者對霉菌毒素和吸附劑不能正確認識;客觀原因是霉菌毒素本身難以全面而準確地檢測，而霉菌毒素的危害難以量化和明確。霉菌毒素吸附劑的吸附效果更難檢測和量化，我們幾乎100%靠感覺在使用。
五、廣大養(yǎng)殖使用者在效果方面的誤區(qū)
養(yǎng)豬者對霉菌毒素的唯一感受是“小豬腫臍子”，只要小豬腫臍子就知道是霉菌毒素中毒了，趕緊用脫霉劑。對脫霉劑的認識只是簡單地認為“只要用了后，小豬不腫臍子了，就是好脫霉劑”。其實這種看法是不全面的，小豬種臍子是由玉米赤霉希酮毒素造成的，而玉米赤霉希酮毒素很難吸附，公認最好的脫霉劑也只能達到60%左右的吸附效率。所謂有廠家宣傳的吸附率90%，難以證實。
但養(yǎng)殖場只看表觀效果，只要不腫臍子就是好的脫霉劑。造成很多廠家投機取巧，有XXX品牌只賣“酵母細胞壁”，簡單解決腫臍子了事;更有很多加入部分解毒劑，治好腫臍子就行。其實僅僅對F2毒素有效，對更為嚴重的黃曲霉毒素類的，根本沒有作用。為此，我們調(diào)查不少使用萬分之幾使用量的幾個國外品牌脫霉劑的用戶，都反映“小豬腫臍子是沒有了，但還是疾病多，沒有一點減少”，這基本反映出其對黃曲霉毒素等吸附效率很差。
認為國外品牌質(zhì)量好、可信度高。這正給了造假分子可乘之機，冒充或編造一大堆形形色色的外國牌子，坑害消費者。其實隨著近年來中國制造業(yè)的發(fā)展，幾種主要的吸附材料中國已經(jīng)完全可以制造，而且質(zhì)量非常好。很多國外廠商都是購買中國材料來生產(chǎn)的。
六、關于霉菌毒素的吸附原理
現(xiàn)在被證實具有高效吸附霉菌毒素的原料來自三個方面：蒙脫石、改性的硅鋁酸鹽晶體、酵母細胞壁提取物。前兩者成本較低，后者成本較高。
1、蒙脫石：具有2:1的三個晶層結(jié)構(gòu)，1個八面體和2個四面體，厚度10埃，各層間沒有氫鍵形成，因此晶層間隙很寬，霉菌毒素分子容易被吸附到晶層間隙中，其表面積很大，每克達700 m2(這是自然界中所見如此清澄的最大表面積)，所以蒙脫石也稱吸附之王。是黃曲霉毒素的最佳吸附劑之一。
蒙脫石主要是通過內(nèi)部各結(jié)構(gòu)層間的靜電不平衡作用來吸附霉菌毒素的。粘土對體積較小的水分子和某些霉菌毒素的結(jié)合能力很強，如黃曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素等。但干燥的蒙脫石結(jié)構(gòu)層的間距為0.25-0.7nm，含水的為1nm，對體積較大的某些霉菌毒素就難以吸附，如F2、T2、煙曲霉毒素等。目前市場有號稱“納米”級吸附級，實際上不是吸附材料真達到納米級細度，而是指硅酸鹽晶體的納米級晶層結(jié)構(gòu)。
2、改性硅鋁酸鹽晶體：是將蒙脫石等硅鋁酸鹽，使用一些有機物進行該性，原理上使蒙脫石等硅鋁酸鹽的層間柱子認為擴大，從而使層間空間擴大2-10倍，從而來吸附大分子霉菌毒素。但因其該性，從而使吸附效率難以保證。
3、酵母細胞壁提取物：酵母細胞壁的主要成分是：分為3層：中間層是糖蛋白層，內(nèi)外兩層分別為葡聚糖層和甘露聚糖層[。葡聚糖(約占細胞壁干重的30%～34%)和甘露聚糖[約占細胞壁干重的30%，實際生產(chǎn)中多用的甘露寡糖，是酶解甘露聚糖完全從α-(1，6)-糖苷鍵連接的骨架處斷開，生成若干種寡糖側(cè)鏈 。其中甘露寡糖和甘露聚糖具有吸附霉菌毒素的作用，特別是對F2等霉菌毒素的吸附效果很好。
由于霉菌毒素在飼料中含量很高、廣泛，而所有的脫霉劑都不能100%吸附，所以任何霉菌毒素吸附劑都只能不同幅度地減少霉菌毒素的危害，但不能100%解除霉菌毒素造成的損失。而霉菌毒素對動物體內(nèi)造成的毒害和毒性要加以排除，脫霉佳中添加的酶解B-葡聚糖，具有通過免疫系統(tǒng)排毒的功能，所以這也是脫霉佳的獨特之處(雙向清除是指通過體外吸附和體內(nèi)排毒兩個不同方向解除霉菌毒素的危害)。
4、主要幾個霉菌毒素的分子大小(單位：nm)
H：可能吸附位置上的分子近似大��；L：從H位置旋轉(zhuǎn)90度后的分子近似大小。
七、購買脫霉劑的幾個外觀鑒別
1、如果是礦物吸附劑，粒度要求特別細，至少要求在28um以下，如果很粗，則基本可判定為假。
2、高純度的正規(guī)吸附劑，干燥而且密度不大。如果裝在袋中不多但很重，則基本可判定為假。
3、可以用水做個分析，礦物脫霉劑攪拌后呈懸濁狀，不會產(chǎn)生大的沉底顆粒;而添加了酵母細胞壁提取物的脫霉劑，則有非礦物粉末分離出來，漂浮。
八、用脫霉劑好壞的的三個簡單鑒別
鑒別一：發(fā)病率是否降低(至少要長期觀察2個月以上)(是衡量對黃曲霉毒素為代表的霉菌毒素的吸附效率)；
鑒別二：家畜食欲和采食量是否增加，蛋禽蛋重第一個月是否增加(是衡量對T2、嘔吐毒素為代表的霉菌毒素的吸附效率)；
鑒別三：家畜假發(fā)情是否減輕，蛋禽禽蛋是否干凈(是衡量對F2毒素為代表的霉菌毒素的吸附效率)。
九、關于霉菌毒素的吸附效果觀察
主要通過三個方面來觀察
1、免疫力：霉菌毒素最大的危害就是由黃曲霉毒素等造成的免疫破壞，嚴重侵害動物的免疫系統(tǒng)和肝臟等，造成動物抗病力下降和疫苗效價的降低和抗體低短而不齊。
解剖分析：觀察胸腺、脾臟等免疫器官的大小和健康度，觀察肝臟的損傷度
生化檢測：可對比分析抗體高低、保持時間、整齊度;免疫球蛋白的水平等
表觀現(xiàn)象：長期做發(fā)病率和死淘率對比分析;家禽特別觀察脂肪肝和蛋重變化，畜重點觀察發(fā)情、乳房炎等。
簡單鑒別：蛋禽最簡單，觀察脂肪肝和蛋重變化，一般使用脫霉劑第一個月蛋重回有所增加，以后恢復正常。而種禽看受精率、健雛率和雛禽的成活率跟蹤。
2、采食和體重：以T2、嘔吐毒素等可嚴重造成動物拒食、消瘦。豬會造成動物不愛吃、增重慢、出欄延遲和料肉比高等，而家禽一般比較消瘦，死淘率高。
簡單鑒別：觀察使用霉菌毒素吸附劑后，家畜是否采食量有明顯增加、增重加快，或家禽體重恢復、死淘降低的現(xiàn)象，否則就是霉菌毒素含量高，而脫霉劑添加量不夠，或者所使用的脫霉劑質(zhì)量有問題。
3、繁殖：由于F2毒素能造成家畜假發(fā)情，幼畜腫臍子，使大家能從表面上認識到霉菌毒素的危害。但F2和黃曲霉毒素等其他霉菌毒素等能更深度地造成繁殖障礙。家畜方面表現(xiàn)為：發(fā)情不好、死胎、流產(chǎn)、難產(chǎn)，產(chǎn)仔率低等，弱仔多，成活率低，母畜使用年限縮短、乳房炎。家禽主要表現(xiàn)為：高峰期短或沒有高峰，種禽受精率低，輸卵管炎，雞蛋臟、帶血帶糞，啄肛多。
簡單鑒別：看假發(fā)情、腫臍子，看蛋雞雞蛋質(zhì)量。
十、霉菌毒素吸附劑的檔次
不算假冒的非正規(guī)產(chǎn)品，正規(guī)廠商生產(chǎn)的霉菌毒素吸附劑分3個檔次：
1-低檔次的為單一礦物吸附劑，只能吸附黃曲霉、赭曲霉毒素，只有“鑒別一”符合，難以印證其他效果。這種脫霉劑平均市場價格在每斤10元左右。但低于10元的基本是非正規(guī)產(chǎn)品，更低一檔。
2-中檔次的，一種是復合類吸附劑，在單一礦物吸附劑的基礎上復合了酶制劑等結(jié)合物，其能吸附黃曲霉毒素并減輕“腫臍子”，但不能印證“鑒別二”。另外一種是單一酵母細胞壁提取物，賣得很貴，一般為萬分之幾使用量。吸附黃曲霉毒素效率很差，吸附F2毒素很好，解決“腫臍子”很有效。這種產(chǎn)品，貌似高檔，也正好符合用戶“不腫臍子就是好”的心理。其效果很不確定，能印證“鑒別三”，但“鑒別一和鑒別二”不能印證。
3-高檔次的，屬于第四代霉菌毒素吸附劑。要求全面改造并配合三大材料，要作到真正“三元廣譜吸附”，同時具備一定的體內(nèi)毒素清除作用。
十一、霉菌毒素的吸附效率
衡量霉菌毒素吸附劑的好壞不能僅僅參考各個公司給出的吸附率，因為再好的吸附劑也沒有100%吸附，特別是F2毒素，各公司所給出的吸附率也僅僅只能做個參考。更重要的是能將漏網(wǎng)霉菌毒素所造成的免疫抑制和生殖損害更進一步解決，才是解決霉菌毒素危害的更徹底的手段。
The English version
There is no standard a, mildew agent only concept
No standard can measure: 1, mildew agent mycotoxin adsorption rate measurement has always been a problem in the world, and to feed the energy as there is a very difficult test. And also there are many questions, is unable to avoid such as adsorption in vitro and in vivo absorption was comparable? The adsorption of nutrition? And so on. Yet regardless of the European Union, the United States and China have no formal standard of mycotoxin adsorption, no mildew remover will officially additive list.
2, mildew agent is still in the conceptual phase: the industry recognize the hazard of mycotoxins, also know some additive material for the adsorption rate to a certain extent, but how many, the adsorption rate is still problematic, countries are inconclusive, top. Many persons of so-called adsorption rate, majority is manufacturer's assertion, was suspected of exaggerating its product efficacy.
3, mildew agent co., LTD., was in raw material control: formal several additive materials can have certain adsorption effect. But if the feed mildew is serious, hope that through mould remover to take shortcuts to solve, it was impossible, especially is polar toxins. Eventually the feed ingredients of control is the basic and key control mycotoxin.
Second, the market to take off the mildew agent is very chaos and fake a lot
Sales market is given priority to with foreign brands. Early understanding of mycotoxin, thanks to guide and promote foreign brands, which makes a lot of foreign brands. Almost any country has, now on the market price from 10 yuan to 100 yuan per kg, even a few bucks, make broad consumer scratching their heads, debate is not clear.
A lot of "fake" products. Like "mildew XX", this product on the market a wide variety, the price is differ, but 90% are counterfeit products, printed on the same packaging, is produced by unscrupulous traders all over the country, sold to all parts of the country.
Another phenomenon is that, many companies to apply for a foreign product batch number (outside the feeding, approved by the valid for 5 years), into the YiLiangDun goods. Then use this batch production, quality is hard to get. More, directly targeting the foreign brands are innuendo, approval number quality standard, make one up directly printed on the packing bag of foreign style, pack a few hair 1 catty bentonite on selling.
Third, feeding the approved by the state secret
Feed and additives imported abroad to do an approval number in advance, this is the "feeding" approved by the state, but is dealt with, as for whether to import, or imported, the ministry of agriculture. And the customs for import and export goods customs management, only for sales of imported products do. It's formed a "loophole" industry, do a real "feeding" approved by the state, impersonate their production, after it is dealt with "production license" "product approval number" a lot of trouble, such as basic can avoid the sampling and quality responsibility.
Four, why there are so many fake and inferior products?
Subjective reason is that we can't correct understanding of consumer of mycotoxin and adsorbent; Objective reason is that the mold toxin itself is difficult to comprehensively and accurately detect, and the harm of mycotoxins are difficult to quantify and clear. Mycotoxins adsorbent adsorption effect is more difficult to detect and quantify, we almost 100% by feeling is in use.
Five, the general breeding users in the area of effect
Pig is the only feeling of mycotoxin is swollen umbilical "piglets", as long as the pig is swollen umbilical knew is a mycotoxin poisoning, hurriedly with mildew agent. Knowledge of mould remover simply think "just after using the pig not swollen umbilical, mildew remover is good". Actually this kind of view is not comprehensive, pig umbilical is caused by corn gibberellic bush ketone toxin, and corn gibberellic ketone toxin is difficult to adsorption, recognized as the best mold remover can only the adsorption efficiency of about 60%. The so-called manufacturer to propaganda the adsorption rate of 90%, it is difficult to confirm.
But only see the apparent effect farms, as long as it doesn't swell umbilical mildew remover is good. Caused a lot of manufacturer is opportunistic, have only sell XXX brand "yeast cell wall", simple solution to swollen umbilical settle; There are many more to join some antidote, cure swollen umbilical. Actually only work in F2 toxin, the more serious of aflatoxin, there is no effect. To this end, we investigate a lot of use per mould remover several usage of several foreign brands of users, all reflect the "pig swollen umbilical is gone, but still more disease, no less", this reflects the basic adsorption efficiency on aflatoxin are very poor.
Think that foreign brands of good quality, high credibility. This is for the fake molecules, pretend to be or make a lot of all kinds of foreign brands, entrap consumer. In fact along with the development of the manufacturing industry in China in recent years, China has several main adsorption materials can be produced completely, and quality is very good. Many foreign manufacturers are buying material to produce in China.
Sixth, on the adsorption principle of mycotoxin
Has now been confirmed that the efficiency of the raw material of adsorption mycotoxins from three aspects: modification of montmorillonite, silicon aluminium acid salt crystals, the cell walls of yeast extract. The former two cost is low, the latter cost is higher.
1, montmorillonite, crystal has a 2:1 three layer structure, one octahedral and two tetrahedron, thickness of 10 Egyptian, no hydrogen bond formation between the layers, so the crystal layer gap is very wide, mycotoxin molecules are easy to be adsorbed to the crystal layer clearance, its surface area is large, 700 m2 per gram (this was so clear to see in the nature of maximum surface area), so the montmorillonite also known as the king of adsorption. One is the best adsorbent for aflatoxin.
Each structural layer of montmorillonite mainly through internal static unbalance between role to adsorb mycotoxins. Clay for small water molecules, and some combination of mycotoxin ability is very strong, such as aflatoxin, ochre and aspergillus toxin, etc. But the dry structure of montmorillonite layer spacing of 0.25 to 0.7 nm, water cut to 1 nm, some mycotoxins of large size it will be difficult to adsorption, such as the F2, T2, smoke aspergillus toxin, etc. Current market levels have so-called "nano" adsorption, adsorption material is not actually reach nanoscale fineness, but to the nanoscale silicon layer structure of silicate crystals.
2, modified silicon aluminium acid salt crystals: by silicon aluminate such as montmorillonite, use some organic matter in the sex, on the principle of the montmorillonite layer between the pillars of the silicon aluminate think such as expanded, so that the interlayer space expanding 2 to 10 times, thus to adsorption macromolecular mycotoxins. But because of its the sex, so that the adsorption efficiency is difficult to guarantee.
3, yeast cell wall extract: the main components of the yeast cell wall is divided into three layers: the middle layer is a glycoprotein layer, respectively, both inside and outside two layer glucan layer and mannan [. Dextran (accounts for about 30% ~ 34%) of the dry weight of the cell wall and mannan [accounts for about 30% of the dry weight of the cell wall, multi-purpose dew of oligosaccharides in the process of production, is digestion mannan completely from the alpha (1, 6) - skeleton of glycosidic bond connection disconnected, generate some kind of oligosaccharide side chains. Dew of oligosaccharides and adsorption of mycotoxin effects of mannan, especially to the F2 mycotoxin adsorption effect is very good.
Because of the high concentration of mycotoxins in feed, comprehensive, and all the mould remover not 100% adsorption, so any mycotoxins adsorbent can only different amplitude to reduce the harm of mycotoxin, but cannot remove 100% mycotoxin. And mycotoxin poison and toxicity to animals to be ruled out, take off the mold better add B - glucan, enzyme solution has the function of detoxification by the immune system so it is to take off the mold the uniqueness of beautiful (two-way clearance refers to by adsorption in vitro and in vivo detoxification in two different directions to remove the harm of mycotoxin).
4, the main several molecular size of mycotoxin (unit: nm)
H: maybe position of molecular adsorption approximate size; L: 90 degrees from the H position after the approximate size of molecule.
Seven mould remover, buy a few appearance identification
1, if it is a mineral adsorbent, especially fine granularity requirement, at least require under 28 um, if very thick, the basic can determine is false.
2, high purity of formal adsorbent, and dry density is not big. If packed in bags small but heavy, basic can determine is false.
3, can use water to make a analysis, mineral mildew agent are clouding after stirring, not sink particles; And add the yeast cell wall extract mildew agent, are not separate mineral powder, floating.
Eight, mildew remover with stand or fall of three simple identification
Identify one: whether the lower incidence (must be at least 2 months long observation above) (measure of aflatoxin is represented by the adsorption efficiency of mycotoxin);
Identify two: livestock and feed intake is increased appetite, egg egg weight first month whether to increase (measure of T2, vomiting toxins represented by the adsorption efficiency of mycotoxin);
Identify three: livestock whether false heat loss, egg egg is clean (is represented by the measure of F2 toxin mycotoxin adsorption efficiency).
Nine, adsorption effect observation about mycotoxins
Mainly through three aspects to observe
1, immunity: mycotoxin the greatest harm is caused by aspergillus flavus toxins such as immune damage, seriously infringe on the immune system and liver of the animal, etc., cause the loss of animal disease resistance and the reducing of the vaccine titer antibodies and low short and not neat.
Anatomy: to observe the thymus and spleen size and immune organs such as health, observe any of the liver
Biochemical tests: comparative analysis the antibody level, keep time, uniformity; The level of immunoglobulin, etc
Apparent phenomenon: long-term incidence and death rate of tao comparative analysis; Special observation of fatty liver and egg weight change, poultry livestock key observation estrus, mastitis, etc.
Simple identification: the egg is the most simple, fatty liver and egg weight change, usually use the first month to take off the mildew agent egg back to increase, after returning to normal. And the fertilization rate, the healthy young rate and survival rate of young birds to track.
2, feed intake and body weight: T2, severe vomiting toxins can cause animals, angular. Pigs can cause animals do not love to eat, slow weight gain, such delay and feed conversion ratio higher, and poultry tend to be thin, death rate is high.
After simple identification: to observe the use of mycotoxins adsorbent, livestock whether there were notable increases from feed intake, weight gain, or poultry weight recovery, for reducing the phenomenon of death, otherwise it is a high content of mycotoxin, mildew remover and add quantity is not enough, or the use of mould remover quality has a problem.
3, reproduction: as the F2 toxins can cause false estrus, livestock assistance from a swollen umbilical, we can realize the danger of mycotoxins from surface. But other mycotoxins such as F2 and aflatoxin, etc can cause reproductive barriers more deeply. Bad performance for livestock aspects: estrus, stillbirth, abortion, childbirth, farrowing rate low, weak young many, low survival rate, female use fixed number of year to shorten, mastitis. Poultry mainly for: the peak of short or no peak and fertilization rate low, salpingitis, egg dirty, blood with dung, peck anus.
Simple identification: see false estrus, swollen umbilical, see the quality of laying hens eggs.
The grade of the ten, mycotoxins adsorbent
Not fake informal products, formal manufacturers of mycotoxins adsorbent points three levels:
1 - low level for a single mineral adsorbent adsorption aspergillus flavus, ochre and aspergillus toxin, only only conform to "identify", it is difficult to confirm other effects. This mould remover the average market price at about 10 yuan per kilogram. But less than 10 yuan is informal, lower leg.
2 - in the class, is a kind of composite adsorbent, on the basis of a single mineral adsorbent the compound enzyme preparation, such as its adsorption aflatoxin and reduce "swollen umbilical", but can't confirm "to identify two". Additionally one kind is a single cell walls of yeast extract, expensive, typically a few usage per. Adsorption efficiency of aflatoxin is very poor, F2 toxin is very good, solve "swollen umbilical" is very effective. This kind of product, seems to high-grade, also happens to conform to the user "not swollen umbilical is good". Its effect is very uncertain, proved the "identification of three", but "to identify and differentiate two" cannot confirm.
3 - high-grade, belong to the fourth generation of mycotoxins adsorbent. Require comprehensive renovation and comply with the three materials, to achieve real "three yuan broad spectrum absorption", at the same time have a certain body endotoxin removal effect.
11, the adsorption efficiency of mycotoxin
Measure the stand or fall of mycotoxins adsorbent can't only refer to companies give adsorption rate, because it is a good adsorbent is not 100% adsorption, especially F2 toxin, the adsorption rate offered by each company is only a reference. More important is to catch mycotoxin immunosuppression and reproductive damage caused by the further solution, is the more radical means of mycotoxin hazards.
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