霉菌毒素是產(chǎn)霉菌在糧食或飼料上生長繁殖過程中產(chǎn)生的有毒二次代謝產(chǎn)物，至今檢測到的霉菌毒素已超過350種，據(jù)統(tǒng)計，全球每年有25%的谷物被霉菌毒素所污染，目前我國飼料中霉菌毒素的檢出率在90%以上，帶菌量超過國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的約為50%，其中對豬危害最大的主要有6種毒素，即黃曲霉毒素、（AF）、嘔吐毒素（DON）、T—2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮（F2毒素）、煙曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素。豬采食帶有霉菌毒素的飼料后，出現(xiàn)生長發(fā)育停滯、繁殖障礙（死精、不孕、死胎等）、消瘦、抗病力下降等癥狀，給養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)造成較大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，具體表現(xiàn)在以下三個方面：
1、 引發(fā)疾病 可導(dǎo)致急性或慢性中毒，主要造成肝臟、腎臟的損害以及腸道出血、腹水、消化機(jī)能障礙、神經(jīng)癥狀和皮膚病變，但在臨床上除非大量毒素的急性中毒一起死亡外，以及表現(xiàn)繁殖障礙、流產(chǎn)等，因此許多癥狀一般不具有指征性和特異性，很難確認(rèn)是由于霉菌毒素中毒所致，同時輕微或少量的臨床表現(xiàn)，在霉菌毒素中毒后很容易被忽略。
2、 破壞免疫系統(tǒng) 霉菌毒素對動物機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)破壞造成的免疫抑制是其最為重要和最為本質(zhì)的危害，霉菌毒素除直接使畜禽中毒致死外，更為重要的是使畜禽的免疫機(jī)能和生產(chǎn)性能下降，長期處于亞健康狀態(tài)，造成了許多的免疫失敗和頻頻嚴(yán)重發(fā)生且難以預(yù)防的疾病，如某些霉菌毒素可使胸腺萎縮，抑制或降低淋巴細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞的活性，抑制抗體和細(xì)胞質(zhì)產(chǎn)物以及巨噬細(xì)胞和噬中型細(xì)胞反應(yīng)器的功能，致使體液免疫和細(xì)胞免疫障礙等，它們都可嚴(yán)重降低免疫應(yīng)答功能。近幾年來許多畜禽養(yǎng)殖場廣泛存在疾病頻發(fā)與難以防治，或大量使用疫苗免疫后抗體仍達(dá)不到應(yīng)有水平甚至免疫失敗的現(xiàn)象，都與霉菌毒素的中毒有密切關(guān)系。2006年夏季許多地方嚴(yán)重發(fā)生“豬無名高熱癥”，據(jù)調(diào)查報道，飼料霉菌毒素是促使發(fā)病的元兇之一。
3、降低飼料品質(zhì) 直接造成食欲下降，采食減少。并可造成飼料單項營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)損失14~20%，最高可達(dá)31.5%，同時干擾營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收，降低消化酶的活性，從而降低飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率，致使飼料消耗增加，生產(chǎn)性能下降。
預(yù)防及治療：
首先，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)選用好的原材料，如玉米、麩皮、豆粕。對于玉米來來說，我們表面上看，有時沒有發(fā)霉，那只是表面現(xiàn)象。有的發(fā)霉外表示看不出來的，1000粒玉米中有一個發(fā)霉，那已經(jīng)是很嚴(yán)重的了。同時，我們應(yīng)在飼料中添加質(zhì)量較好的脫霉劑，如霉毒脫，具有物理吸附、生物催化、陽離子交換等作用，吸附容量大、達(dá)到聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織FAO所制定的抗霉菌毒素祛毒劑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
發(fā)生霉菌毒素中毒后，應(yīng)立即停喂發(fā)霉飼料，更換優(yōu)質(zhì)飼料，在添加霉毒脫的同時對癥治療。
�、� 用硫酸鈉30-50克，液體石蠟50-100毫克，加水500-1000毫克灌服，以排出腸內(nèi)毒素，保護(hù)腸粘膜。
�、� 出現(xiàn)腦水腫，用20%甘露醇1-2克/千克體重靜注，每天2次。
�、� 出現(xiàn)陰道脫垂和肛脫的，應(yīng)先清洗消毒后采用外科手術(shù)法進(jìn)行縫合，并用消炎藥物治療。
�、瘸霈F(xiàn)腹水、肺水腫、出血、腎腫、拉稀及精神萎靡等癥狀時，可靜脈滴注葡萄糖+維生素C+肌苷，保肝護(hù)腎；必要時氟苯尼考肌注或拌料控制繼發(fā)感染。
The English version
Mycotoxins are produced in the process of the mould to grow on food or feed, toxic secondary metabolites have been detected mycotoxins has more than 350 species, according to the statistics, each year 25% of the grain pollution by mycotoxins, at present our country of mycotoxins in feed rate over 90%, more than the national standard of quantity of pathogen of about 50%, one of the most harmful to the pig mainly has six kinds of toxins, namely the aspergillus flavus toxin and toxin (AF), vomiting (DON), T - 2 toxin, corn gibberellic ketene toxins (F2), smoke aspergillus toxin, ochre and aspergillus toxin. Feed pigs with mycotoxins in feed, stagnant growth and reproductive disorders (dead sperm, infertility, stillbirth, etc.), weight, the symptom such as disease resistance drop, cause large economic loss to pig production, embodied in the following three aspects:
1, cause disease Can lead to acute or chronic poisoning, the main cause liver, kidney damage and intestinal hemorrhage, ascites, digestive dysfunction, neurological symptoms and skin lesions, but clinical acute poisoning death unless a large number of toxin, and reproductive disorders, such as abortion, therefore many symptoms generally have no indications and specificity, it is difficult to confirm is due to the mold toxin poisoning, mild or a small amount of clinical manifestation at the same time, after the mold toxin poisoning is easy to be ignored.
2, damage the immune system mycotoxin on animal immune system damage caused by immune suppression is the most important and the dangers of the most essential, mycotoxins in addition to directly kill livestock poisoning, more important is to make the animal immune function and production performance, in a sub-health state for a long time, the immune failure and caused many serious happen frequently and is difficult to prevent diseases, such as certain mycotoxins can make thymus atrophy, inhibit or reduce the activity of lymphocytes and macrophages, inhibition antibody and cellular products as well as the function of macrophages and medium-sized cell autophagy reactor, the humoral immunity and cellular immune dysfunction and so on, they can reduce the function of the immune response. Frequent in recent years many diseases of livestock and poultry farms are widespread and difficult to control, or a large number of vaccine immune antibody of any level still even after the phenomenon of failure, all have close relationship with the mold toxin poisoning. The summer of 2006, many places of serious occurrence unknown high fever "pig", according to the survey reported that feed mycotoxins is one of the main causes of the disease.
3, lower the quality of feed Directly cause the loss of appetite, to reduce food intake. And can feed single nutrients loss 14 ~ 20%, the highest can amount to 31.5%, interfere with the absorption of nutrients at the same time, reduce the activity of digestive enzymes, thus reducing feed conversion rate, the feed consumption increases, the production performance degradation.
Prevention and treatment:
First of all, we should choose good raw materials, such as corn and bran and soybean meal. For corn to us on the surface, sometimes not moldy, that is a surface phenomenon. Some moldy say look not to come out, outside with a mold in 1000 grains of corn, that was very serious. At the same time, we should be added in the feed quality good mildew agent, such as mold toxin, with physical adsorption, biological catalysis, cation exchange, such as large adsorption capacity, by the United Nations food and agriculture organization (FAO) set by the FAO mycotoxin remove poison resistance standard.
After the mold toxin poisoning, should immediately stop forage moldy, replacement of high quality feed, while adding mildew poison off symptomatic treatment.
30-50 g (1) with sodium sulfate, liquid paraffin, 50-100 mg, add water 500-1000 mg irrigation, to intestinal endotoxin, protect the intestinal mucosa.
Cerebral edema, with 20% mannitol static note 1 to 2 g/kg weight, 2 times a day.
(3) a vaginal prolapse and anal off, should be used after cleaning and disinfection suture surgical method, and anti-inflammatory medication.
(4) in ascites, pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, kidney is swollen, diarrhea, and the symptoms such as depression, but intravenous drip glucose, vitamin C + + inosine, protect liver kidney protection; When necessary fluorobenzene nicol, intramuscular injection or mixing materials control secondary infections.
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