一、蒙脫石是一種效果顯著的脫霉添加劑
飼料中霉菌毒素的污染及其所造成的危害目前仍是養(yǎng)殖者易于忽略的問題，且容易與其它疾病產(chǎn)生混淆。一般而言，霉菌毒素主要是由4種霉菌屬所產(chǎn)生：曲霉菌屬（主要分泌黃曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素等）、青霉菌屬（主要分泌桔霉素等）。麥角菌屬（主要分泌麥角毒素）。梭菌屬（主要分泌嘔吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮。T－2毒素。Fumonisin毒素等）。迄今為止已經(jīng)有超過300種霉菌毒素被分離和鑒定出來，上述的幾種毒素只是其中8種主要毒素。
一般把霉菌按其生活習(xí)性分為倉貯性霉菌和田間霉菌兩種。倉貯性霉菌主要是指貯存的飼料或原料，在適宜的溫度、濕度等條件下產(chǎn)生的霉菌，以曲霉菌屬為主，該類霉菌最適生長溫度為25－30℃左右，相對濕度為80％－90％，路曲霉例外，可在田間感染，低溫下亦可繁殖；田間霉菌則是指青霉菌屬、麥角菌屬和梭霉菌屬（鐮刀菌屬），此類霉菌屬野外菌株，通常谷物在未采收前就已感染，最適生長溫度為5－25℃，該類霉菌在低溫環(huán)境中也會繁殖，也就是說在冬季此類霉菌仍會生長，陰冷潮濕的天氣更易于這些霉菌生長。在田間，植物受霉菌感染的因素很多，包括：土壤的水分、播種期、收割期。輪作期、施肥、植物的品種、植病的發(fā)生。雜草、鳥類及害蟲等。當(dāng)作物收割后，通常會帶有某些霉菌，在干燥的過程中，霉菌會受到破壞，所以不易察覺，然而許多霉菌孢子會存活下來，并且在貯存期間、制作飼料的過程中開始萌發(fā)生長。
很多毒素與毒素之間均具有相乘作用，這些毒素同時出現(xiàn)其毒力將大大超過單個霉菌毒素所具有的毒力。
蒙脫石對黃曲霉毒素B1有較強(qiáng)的吸附性，吸附量隨黃曲霉毒素B1含量增加而增加，兩者呈直線相關(guān)。當(dāng)吸附反應(yīng)體系中賴氨酸含量為0．2％、0．4％時，不影響蒙脫石對黃曲霉毒素B1的吸附。
蒙脫石對飼料黃曲霉毒素B1有較明顯的吸附作用，且吸附作用隨雙八面體蒙脫石水平的提高而增強(qiáng)；在霉變飼料（黃曲霉毒素B1，39.78微克/千克）經(jīng)雙八面體蒙脫石處理后，黃曲霉毒素B1含量降為8.88微克/千克，達(dá)到我國衛(wèi)生部制定的飼料衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（≤20微克/千克）和歐美標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（0—20微克/千克）。
二、蒙脫石可平衡飼料元素
蒙脫石可平衡飼料元素，可降低飼料中鉛的含量和農(nóng)藥含量。
飼料中鉛的含量超標(biāo)，會直接或間接影響到養(yǎng)殖動物的生長和發(fā)育，最終通過食物鏈影響人的健康，因此對飼料中重金屬鉛的控制格外重要。在日糧中添加0.5%蒙脫石可以顯著改善鉛含量為10mg/kg鉛誘導(dǎo)的損傷，明顯降低了豬全血、腦、肝、腎、骨和毛等組織中鉛含量。結(jié)果表明蒙脫石對鉛中毒有潛在的治療作用。
添加蒙脫石可控制殘留農(nóng)藥的毒性。
三、蒙脫石可替代抗生素治療腹瀉
抗生素可促進(jìn)生長和改善飼料轉(zhuǎn)化率已被廣大養(yǎng)殖戶所接受。在補(bǔ)料和開食料中添加抗生素，既可控制病原微生物增殖，又可加速腸道免疫耐受過程，從而減輕腸道損傷，預(yù)防腹瀉的發(fā)生。但用于防止仔豬腹瀉的抗生素如金霉素、泰樂菌素、桿菌肽鋅、喹乙醇等持續(xù)使用使病原菌產(chǎn)生耐藥性，并在畜禽產(chǎn)品中殘留給人體健康帶來危害。目前在飼料中添加抗生素已十分講究添加的數(shù)量、方式和方法，但仍遭到無抗品的抵制。原則上能不用抗生素盡量不用抗生素，能替代的替代，能少用的就少用，將抗生素的危害降到最低！
納米蒙脫石是一種新型礦物藥劑，用于治療禽畜類腹瀉痢疾等疾病具有無藥物殘留、無激素、無耐藥性、療效穩(wěn)定、無毒副作用等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，對大腸桿菌、霍亂弧菌、空腸彎曲菌、金黃色葡萄球菌和輪狀病毒及膽鹽都有較好的吸附作用，對細(xì)菌毒素有固定作用，能修復(fù)和提高胃腸粘膜對致病因子的防御功能。它不僅能吸附病菌，還含有豐富的維生素、礦物質(zhì)、微量元素，在抗生素、磺胺類藥物的抗藥性越來越強(qiáng)、耐藥菌株日益增多的情況下，應(yīng)用納米蒙脫石預(yù)防和治療畜禽疾病顯得非常重要，徹底解決抗生素的耐藥性和殘留問題。
四、蒙脫石可替代氧化鋅治療腹瀉
納米蒙脫石治療腹瀉的另一個功效是在畜禽飼料（尤其是乳仔豬飼料）中可完全代替氧化鋅抗腹瀉。高鋅（2500-3500ppm）會對仔豬生長發(fā)育造成危害。日糧中添加超過正常需要量20～30倍的高水平鋅，必然打破原有各種元素的平衡，鋅元素過量對銅、鐵的吸收不利，高鋅可導(dǎo)致鐵、銅繼發(fā)性缺乏，出現(xiàn)貧血。國外研究認(rèn)為，當(dāng)鋅攝入量超過體內(nèi)各種排泄器官的排泄能力，則會破壞內(nèi)恒穩(wěn)機(jī)制。所以高鋅的飼料使用時間受到了較為嚴(yán)格的限制。使用半個月以上仔豬就會出現(xiàn)皮膚蒼白、被毛粗亂卷曲、貧血等現(xiàn)象。仔豬斷奶后2周使用高鋅(氧化鋅2000～3000 mg／kg)具有防腹瀉促生長效果，若一旦停止添加高水平鋅，更換日糧，仔豬腹瀉現(xiàn)象又會發(fā)生。研究還表明，飼喂高劑量鋅(3000 mg／kg)通過豬體消化吸收后，其每日鋅排出量是飼喂基礎(chǔ)日糧組的33倍。因此，添加高劑量無機(jī)鋅會造成資源浪費(fèi)和殘留，且造成環(huán)境污染。試驗(yàn)證明每噸飼料添加2kg納米蒙脫石可以完全替代氧化鋅，用量只有氧化鋅的2/3左右，成本相對較低，替代高鋅有優(yōu)勢，并且由于蒙脫石沒有氧化鋅的副作用，其生長速度、料肉比與使用氧化鋅組相比，性能更佳。
五、蒙脫石可降低禽畜的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)
飼料中添加納米蒙脫石，可有效地降低禽畜的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。
在幼畜出欄時，可提前3天在飼料中添加納米蒙脫石，可減少捕抓中因驚嚇而造成的應(yīng)激反應(yīng)，也可減少運(yùn)輸中的應(yīng)激排便等。
The English version
A, montmorillonite is a kind of to take off the mold additive effect is remarkable
Of mycotoxins in feed caused by the pollution and its harm is still is the issue of farmers is easy to ignore, and easily confused with other disease. In general, mycotoxins are mainly produced by four kinds of mold is: aspergillus species (mainly secreted aflatoxin, ochre and aspergillus toxin, etc.) and penicillium (mainly secreted citrinin, etc.). Claviceps (mainly secreted ergot toxin). Fusobacterium (mainly secreted vomiting toxins, corn gibberellic ketene. T - 2 toxin. Fumonisin toxin, etc.). So far there have been more than 300 kinds of mycotoxin were separated and identified, and the above several kinds of toxins are just eight of the major toxin.
Generally divides into the mould according to their life habits warehouse storage mold and mold two field. Warehouse storage sexual mould mainly refers to the feed or raw material storage, under the condition of appropriate temperature and humidity of mold, with aspergillus species is given priority to, this kind of mold the optimum growth temperature is about 25 to 30 ℃, the relative humidity is 80% - 80%, aspergillus exception, can be in the field infection, low temperature can also reproduce; Field of mold is penicillium, claviceps and spindle mold (sickle species), the mold belong to the wild strains, usually in before harvest of grain has been infected, the optimum growth temperature for 5-25 ℃, the mold will breed in low temperature environment, that is to say, in the winter such mould will still grow, cold, wet weather easier to the mould to grow. In the field of plant by fungus infection of many factors, including: soil moisture, seedtime and harvest time. Rotation period, fertilization, plant variety and plant disease. Weeds, birds and insects, etc. When after harvesting the crops, usually with a certain mold, in the process of drying, the mould will be damaged, so subtle, yet many mould spore will survive, and during storage, began to germinate in the process of production of feed.
Many have multiplied effect between toxin and toxin, these toxins appeared at the same time its virulence will be much more than a single mycotoxins of virulence.
Montmorillonite on aflatoxin B1 has strong adsorption, adsorption quantity increases with the increase of content of aflatoxin B1, both in a straight line. When the adsorption in the reaction system of lysine content is 0.2%, 0.4%, do not affect montmorillonite adsorption of aflatoxin B1.
Montmorillonite to feed aflatoxin B1 have more apparent adsorption, and adsorption with double octahedron enhanced with the increase of level of montmorillonite; In the mould feed (aflatoxin B1, 39.78 micrograms/kg) treated with double octahedron montmorillonite, aflatoxin B1 content is reduced to 8.88 micrograms/kg, to feed hygiene standards promulgated by the ministry of health in China (20 micrograms/kg or less) and the European and American standard (0-20 micrograms/kg).
Second, the montmorillonite can be balanced feed element
Montmorillonite can be balanced feed element, can reduce the content of lead in feed and pesticide content.
The excessive levels of lead in feed, can directly or indirectly affect the farmed animal growth and development, ultimately affect people's health through the food chain, so the control of heavy metal lead in the feed is particularly important. 0.5% montmorillonite is added in the diet can significantly improve the lead to 10 mg/kg damage induced by lead, significantly reduced the pig whole blood, brain, liver, kidney, bone and hair lead levels in the organizations. The results show that montmorillonite is potential therapeutic effect for lead poisoning.
Add the toxicity of pesticide residue in montmorillonite can be controlled.
Three, montmorillonite alternative antibiotics treatment of diarrhea
Antibiotics can promote growth and improve the feed conversion rate has been accepted by the broad masses of farmers. Food in the filling material and adding antibiotics, can control the pathogenic microorganism proliferation, but also accelerate the process of intestinal immune tolerance, so as to reduce the damage, prevent the happening of the diarrhea. But used to prevent diarrhea piglets antibiotics such as chlortetracycline, tylosin, bacitracin zinc, olaquindox, such as continuous use make the pathogen resistance, and residue in livestock and poultry products has a harmful effect on human health. At present, the antibiotic is added in the feed has very pay attention to add quantity, style and method, but still have no resistance to resistance. Can, in principle, no antibiotics as far as possible need not, alternative to replace, can use less less to use, minimize the dangers of antibiotics.
Nanometer montmorillonite is a new type of mineral drugs, used in the treatment of livestock diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery with no drug residues, no hormone, no drug resistance, stable curative effect, non-toxic side effects, etc, on escherichia coli and vibrio cholerae, jejunum bending bacteria, staphylococcus aureus, rotavirus and bile salt has good adsorption effect, have a fixed effect on bacterial toxins, can repair and improve the defence function of gastric mucous membrane of pathogenic factors. It not only can absorb bacteria, but also contains rich vitamins, minerals, trace elements, in the growing resistance of antibiotics, sulfa drugs, drug resistant strains an increasing number of cases, the application of nanometer montmorillonite prevention and treatment of livestock and poultry disease is very important, completely solve the problem of antibiotic resistance and residual.
Four, montmorillonite alternative zno treatment of diarrhea
Nanometer montmorillonite in the treatment of diarrhea is another effect in the livestock and poultry feed, especially milk piglet feed) can be completely instead of zinc oxide resistance in diarrhea. High zinc (2500-3500 parts per million (PPM) harmful to growth of piglets. Added in the diet than normally required 20 ~ 30 times the high levels of zinc, is bound to break the balance of various elements, original zinc excess adverse to the absorption of copper, iron, high zinc can lead to the lack of iron, copper, secondary anemia. Foreign research thinks, when zinc intake over discharge capacity of various excretion organs in the body will destroy the steady mechanism. So high zinc feed use time is limited by the tighter. Use half a month or more piglets will appear pale skin, rough mess curly coat, the phenomenon such as anemia. 2 weeks after weaning piglets use high zinc (zinc oxide from 2000 to 3000 mg/kg) has anti diarrhea growth promoting effect, if once stop adding high levels of zinc, change diet, diarrhea piglets phenomenon will happen again. Research also suggests that feeding high dose zinc (3000 mg/kg) through get after digestion and absorption, its daily zinc discharge is feeding based diet group 33 times. Therefore, add a high dose of inorganic zinc can cause resource waste and residue, and cause environmental pollution. Trials show that feed add 2 kg per ton of nano montmorillonite can entirely replace zinc oxide, dosage of only about two-thirds of zinc oxide, the cost is relatively low, replace the high zinc have an advantage, and because the montmorillonite without the side effects of zinc oxide, its growth rate, feed conversion ratio compared with using zinc oxide group, the performance is better.
Five, the montmorillonite can reduce the stress reaction of livestock
Adding nano-meter montmorillonite, feed can effectively reduce the livestock stress reaction.
When in such assistance, but 3 days in advance of nano montmorillonite is added in the feed, can reduce the catch of the stress reaction caused in terror, and also can reduce stress in the transportation bowel movements, etc.
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