目前，各地養(yǎng)豬技術(shù)水平、環(huán)境條件等千差萬別，生產(chǎn)中會(huì)碰到各種各樣的問題，對(duì)仔豬養(yǎng)殖戶而言，判定乳豬料產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要還是從三個(gè)方面考慮：①抗腹瀉效果，乳豬由于轉(zhuǎn)欄、換料等應(yīng)激因素或感染容易發(fā)生腹瀉。②采食量和日增重③后期皮毛狀況，一般用“皮毛光亮”來評(píng)定豬的生長(zhǎng)和健康狀況。這些問題是每個(gè)配方師設(shè)計(jì)乳豬料配方時(shí)必須面對(duì)的，為了很好地加以解決，他們嘗試用多種方法來進(jìn)行處理。提升乳豬料品質(zhì)的有效措施
1、營養(yǎng)調(diào)控辦法
添加一些高檔次的原料，血漿（球）蛋白粉、腸膜蛋白粉、魚粉、小肽以及寡聚糖、益生菌等，或?qū)Υ罅线M(jìn)行了預(yù)處理，采用膨化大豆、去皮大豆、濃縮蛋白、熟玉米粉等，均能有效提高乳豬料的消化率，飼喂效果很好，但要達(dá)成理想的效果成本壓力很大，與市場(chǎng)的需要脫節(jié)，同時(shí)養(yǎng)殖條件和水平差的地方同樣可能沒有什么效果。在微量元素方面，氨基酸螯合物早已被業(yè)界看好，因價(jià)格偏高，在現(xiàn)在我國養(yǎng)殖水平下，要做到替代無機(jī)微量元素很難辦到。
2、高劑量的抗生素
抗生素對(duì)解決腹瀉、促進(jìn)動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)有很好的效果，是目前應(yīng)用時(shí)間最長(zhǎng)、范圍最廣的一種方法，在中國目前養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境下，抗生素的作用是肯定的，但養(yǎng)殖地區(qū)不同，養(yǎng)殖水平不一致，同一組合藥物很難解決所有的問題，僅憑這一點(diǎn)要做到全面提升產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量難度大。同時(shí)，高劑量的藥物容易產(chǎn)生耐藥性，成本壓力也較大，長(zhǎng)期大范圍使用還存在細(xì)菌的耐藥性問題，需要加大添加劑量，隨之而來又存在藥物殘留對(duì)人類健康構(gòu)成威脅，同時(shí)應(yīng)用面窄、影響飼料產(chǎn)品適口性和后期生長(zhǎng)。
3、高劑量的氧化鋅
目前普遍采用的2500～3000mg/kg的鋅水平（氧化鋅），甚至更高，在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)能夠起到控制腹瀉的目的。其作用機(jī)理是：①抑菌作用：抑制細(xì)菌的活性,減少細(xì)菌毒素的產(chǎn)生；②收斂和吸附作用：對(duì)受傷的腸上皮細(xì)胞具有收斂作用,減少細(xì)胞內(nèi)液的滲出,促使受傷腸上皮細(xì)胞的修復(fù)，并吸附腸道中的有害毒素；③對(duì)腸道平滑肌的作用：降低腸內(nèi)容物對(duì)腸粘膜的刺激，腸平滑肌的蠕動(dòng)減緩,延長(zhǎng)糞便在腸道內(nèi)停留時(shí)間,增加腸道對(duì)糞便中水分的重吸收,提高糞便的干燥度；④目前正在從分子生物學(xué)的角度研究藥理劑量鋅的作用機(jī)制；
高劑量氧化鋅在上世紀(jì)90年代后期以來在飼料中已得到了推廣，其預(yù)防腹瀉效果較好，使得配方師省心、省力，但是，經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期的實(shí)踐，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)高劑量的氧化鋅雖在使用前2周內(nèi)能很好起到預(yù)防腹瀉的作用，但時(shí)間稍長(zhǎng)就會(huì)出現(xiàn)生長(zhǎng)抑制，采食量下降等問題。
那么，為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這種現(xiàn)象呢？因?yàn)檠趸\是兩性化合物，與酸、堿親和力強(qiáng)，在呈酸性胃液和呈堿性的腸道內(nèi)均大量溶解，以致進(jìn)入腸道內(nèi)呈藥理作用分子狀態(tài)的相對(duì)較少，難以充分發(fā)揮高劑量鋅的藥理功效，要達(dá)到良好的飼喂效果需要加大添加劑量，這樣就會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響了日糧的適口性，同時(shí)還會(huì)造成消化道內(nèi)鋅離子濃度過高，拮抗其它微量元素的吸收利用，動(dòng)物表現(xiàn)出后期皮毛欠佳、生長(zhǎng)抑制等現(xiàn)象，因此只能短期使用，時(shí)間稍長(zhǎng)就會(huì)出現(xiàn)負(fù)面效應(yīng)。
當(dāng)前，在生產(chǎn)中飼料廠從成本角度考慮常采用三種方案來解決仔豬腹瀉的問題，其一，高劑量抗生素；其二、抗生素+高劑量氧化鋅(2250mg Zn/kg以上)；其三，采用3000mg Zn/kg以上的氧化鋅。但是這三種方案都存在某些局限性，使得乳豬料無法達(dá)成理想的抗腹瀉效果。
4、添加納米蒙脫石
用納米蒙脫石治療仔豬腹瀉的臨床效果觀察表明用納米蒙脫石治療仔豬腹瀉療效顯著（謝長(zhǎng)青等，2006）。蒙脫石并無抑菌或殺菌作用,
蒙脫石對(duì)細(xì)菌的作用主要是吸附（金山，2007）,同時(shí)蒙脫石可以吸附霉菌或細(xì)菌毒素，齊德生等（2003）報(bào)道蒙脫石或改性蒙脫石可以吸附黃曲霉毒素B1。納米蒙脫石比普通蒙脫石具有更大的比表面積，吸附力更強(qiáng)（李輝等，2003），對(duì)黃曲霉毒素的吸附容量和吸附速率均明顯優(yōu)于普通蒙脫石（史瑩華等，2006），其具備作為控制斷奶仔豬腹瀉添加劑的內(nèi)在條件。留蒙脫石具有層紋狀結(jié)構(gòu)及非均勻性電荷分布，對(duì)消化道內(nèi)的霉菌毒素、病毒、病菌及其產(chǎn)生的毒素有固定、吸附作用；對(duì)消化道粘膜有覆蓋能力，并通過與粘液糖蛋白相互結(jié)合，從質(zhì)和量?jī)煞矫嫘迯?fù)、提高粘膜屏障對(duì)攻擊因子的防御功能。蒙脫石不進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)系統(tǒng)，連同所固定的攻擊因子隨消化道自身蠕動(dòng)排出體外不改變大便顏色和正常的腸蠕動(dòng)。納米蒙脫石比普通蒙脫石具有更大的比表面積，吸附力更強(qiáng)。
此品可代替氧化鋅在飼料中的止瀉作用,而且對(duì)仔豬無不良反應(yīng)，是解決仔豬腹瀉比較理想的選擇。
The English version
At present, around the pig technical level, such as environmental conditions differ in thousands ways, will encounter all sorts of problems in the production, for the piglets farmers, Suckling pig feed product quality standard were mainly from three aspects to consider: (1) anti diarrhea effect, Suckling pig due to stress factors such as turn bar, refueling or infection are prone to diarrhea. (2) feed intake and daily gain (3) late fur, "fur light" generally used to assess the pig growth and health. The problem is that each formula design must face when Suckling pig feed formula, in order to be solved properly, they try to use a variety of methods for processing. Effective measures to improve the quality of Suckling pig feed
1, nutrition regulation measures
Add some high grade raw material, the plasma protein powder (ball), intestinal membrane protein powder, fish meal, small peptides and oligonucleotides glycan, probiotics, or wait for aniseed pretreatment, using expanded soybean, peeling soybean protein concentrate, corn flour, etc., can effectively improve the digestibility of Suckling pig feed, feeding results is very good, but cost a lot of pressure to achieve the ideal effect, and with the needs of the market, while poor farming conditions and level of local also may not have any effect. In the aspect of trace elements, amino acid chelate has long been favored by the industry, because of the price on the high side, under the breeding level in China now, to do instead of inorganic trace elements is very difficult to do.
2, high doses of antibiotics
Antibiotics to deal with diarrhea, promote animal growth has very good effect, is the longest, the widest range used a method of breeding environment currently in China, the role of antibiotics is yes, but different breeding areas, breeding level is not consistent, the same combination drugs are hard to solve all the problems alone to do this for upgrading the quality of the products is difficult. At the same time, high doses of drugs prone to resistance, cost pressure is bigger also, the drug resistance of bacteria problems still exist widespread use for a long time, need to increase the added dose, come again there is a drug residues pose a threat to human health, at the same time narrow range, the influence of feed product palatability, and later growth.
3, high dose of zinc oxide
Currently widely used 2500 ~ 3000 mg/kg of zinc levels (zno), or even higher, for a period of time can rise to control the purpose of diarrhea. Its mechanism is: (1) bacteriostatic action: inhibit the activity of the bacteria, reduce bacterial toxins; (2) : convergence and adsorption of injured intestinal epithelial cells have convergent effect, reduce the number of intracellular fluid seepage, injury of intestinal epithelial cells to repair, and adsorption in the gut harmful toxins; (3) the role of intestinal smooth muscle: reduce the stimulation of intestinal contents of intestinal mucosa, intestinal smooth muscle peristalsis slow, residence time, extend the feces in intestine increase intestinal of feces moisture absorption, improve the dry degree of feces; (4) are studied from the Angle of molecular biology mechanism of action of pharmacological dose zinc;
High dose zinc oxide in the late 1990 s has got a promotion in the feed, the prevention of diarrhea effect is good, makes the formula save worry, energy saving, however, after a long period of practice, it was found that high doses of zno is 2 weeks before using internal energy is very good play the role of prevention of diarrhea, but time will appear slightly longer growth inhibition, decrease feed intake in the problem.
So, why this phenomenon will happen? Because the zinc oxide is amphoteric compound, acid, alkali and strong affinity, in acidic and alkaline intestinal gastric juice were dissolved in great quantities, so that in pharmacological effects of molecular state into the intestinal tract is relatively small, it is difficult to give full play to the pharmacological effect of high dose zinc, to achieve good need to increase the feeding effect of adding dose, this will seriously affect the palatability of the diet, also causes high zinc ion concentration in the digestive tract, antagonism the absorption of other trace elements, animals showed poor late fur, growth inhibition, therefore can only short-term use, a long time will have a negative effect.
At present, in the production of feed mills from cost point of view often adopts three schemes to solve the problem of diarrhea piglets, first, a high dose of antibiotics; Secondly, antibiotics + high dose zinc oxide (2250 mg of zinc/kg above); Third, with 3000 mg of zinc/kg more than zinc oxide. But the three schemes have some limitations, makes the Suckling pig feed unable to reach the ideal anti diarrhea effect.
4, add nano montmorillonite
With nanometer montmorillonite in the treatment of diarrhea piglets clinical effect observation showed that treatment with nanometer montmorillonite piglet diarrhea curative effect is distinct (Xie Changqing etc., 2006). Montmorillonite is no bacteriostasis or bactericidal action,
Montmorillonite is mainly the function of bacterial adsorption (golden hill, 2007), at the same time montmorillonite can adsorb mold or bacteria toxin, de-sheng qi, such as montmorillonite (2003) reported or modified montmorillonite can be adsorbed aflatoxin B1. Nanometer montmorillonite than regular montmorillonite has bigger specific surface area, adsorption force stronger (li, 2003), adsorption capacity and adsorption rate of aflatoxins were significantly superior to the ordinary montmorillonite (ying-hua shi, etc., 2006), its have the intrinsic requirement of as control weaning diarrhea piglets additives. Leave montmorillonite has a layer of grain structure and heterogeneity, charge distribution inside the digestive tract of mycotoxin, viruses, bacteria and toxins have fixed, adsorption; Has coverage to the digestive tract mucous membrane, and through the mutual combination of mucous glycoprotein, from two aspects of quality and quantity to repair, improve the mucosal barrier to attack factor of defense function. Montmorillonite does not enter the bloodstream, along with fixed by the attack factor change with gastrointestinal wriggle out of the body itself is not stool color and normal bowel movements. Nanometer montmorillonite than regular montmorillonite has a larger specific surface area, adsorption force is stronger.
This product can instead of zinc oxide in the feed anti-diarrhea effect, but also for piglets without adverse reactions, is the solution of diarrhea piglets ideal choice.
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